Transportation Engineering: Theory, Practice, and Modeling

Front Cover
Transportation Engineering: Theory, Practice and Modeling
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the authors
Foreword to the first edition
Foreword to the second edition
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the second edition
Chapter 1: Introduction
	References
Chapter 2: Transportation Systems
	2.1. Background
	2.2. History of Transportation
	2.3. Transportation Sector and Transportation Modes
		2.3.1. Components of Transportation Modes
		2.3.2. Structure of Transportation Modes
		2.3.3. Technologies of Transport Modes
			2.3.3.1. Support
			2.3.3.2. Guidance
			2.3.3.3. Propulsion
				Propulsion units
				Methods of transferring tractive force
		2.3.4. Relationships Between Transport Modes
	2.4. Characteristics of Transport Modes and Their Systems
		2.4.1. Introduction
		2.4.2. Urban and Sub/Urban Road and Rail-Based Transit Systems for Passengers
			2.4.2.1. Background
			2.4.2.2. Bus system
			2.4.2.3. Streetcar (tramway) system
			2.4.2.4. LRT system
			2.4.2.5. Subway (metro) systems
		2.4.3. Urban and Sub/Urban Transport Systems for Freight Shipments
		2.4.4. Interurban Road Transport Systems
			2.4.4.1. Freight shipments
		2.4.5. Interurban Rail Transport Systems
			2.4.5.1. Introduction
			2.4.5.2. Passengers
				Infrastructure
				Rolling stock and operating speed
				Levitation and propulsion
				Control systems
				Weight and energy consumption
				Commercial use
			2.4.5.3. Freight shipments
		2.4.6. Inland Waterways and Sea Shipping Systems for Cargo Shipments
			2.4.6.1. Introduction
			2.4.6.2. Inland waterways
			2.4.6.3. Sea shipping
		2.4.7. Air Transport System
			2.4.7.1. Introduction
			2.4.7.2. Airports
			2.4.7.3. Transport service networks
	2.5. Transportation Systems Topics: Planning, Control, Congestion, Safety, and Environment Protection
	2.6. Problems
	References
	Websites
Chapter 3: Traffic and Transportation Analysis Techniques
	3.1. Object Motion and Time-Space Diagrams
	3.2. Transportation Networks Basics
	3.3. Optimal Paths in Transportation Networks
		3.3.1. Finding Shortest Path in a Transportation Network
		3.3.2. Dijkstra's Algorithm
		3.3.3. Shortest Paths Between All Pairs of Nodes
	3.4. Mathematical Programming Applications in Traffic and Transportation
		3.4.1. Linear Programming in Traffic and Transportation
		3.4.2. Integer Programming
		3.4.3. Dimensionality of the Traffic and Transportation Engineering Problems
		3.4.4. Complexity of Algorithms
	3.5. Probability Theory and Traffic Phenomena
		3.5.1. Probability Theory Basics
		3.5.2. Random Variables and Probability Distributions
			3.5.2.1. Poisson distribution
			3.5.2.2. Exponential distributions
			3.5.2.3. Normal distribution
	3.6. Queueing in Transportation Systems
		3.6.1. Elements of Queueing Systems
		3.6.2. D/D/1 Queueing
		3.6.3. Little's Law
		3.6.4. M/M/1 Queueing
		3.6.5. M/M/s Queueing
		3.6.6. Queueing Theory and Investments in Transportation Facilities Expansion
	3.7. Simulation
		3.7.1. The Monte Carlo Simulation Method
	3.8. MultiAttribute Decision Making Methods
		3.8.1. Attribute Weights
		3.8.2. Minimax Method
		3.8.3. Maximax Method
		3.8.4. Simple Additive Weighting Method
		3.8.5. TOPSIS
	3.9. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
		3.9.1. Ratios
		3.9.2. DEA Basics
	3.10. Computational Intelligence Techniques
		3.10.1. The Concept of Fuzzy Sets
		3.10.2. The Fuzzy Sets Basics
		3.10.3. Basic Elements of Fuzzy Systems
		3.10.4. Artificial Neural Networks
			3.10.4.1. Introduction
			3.10.4.2. Biological neurons and artificial neurons
			3.10.4.3. An artificial neuron
			3.10.4.4. Characteristics of neural networks
			3.10.4.5. A multilayered feedforward neural network
			3.10.4.6. Training of a neural network
			3.10.4.7. Validation of a neural model
	3.11. Problems
	References
Chapter 4: Traffic Flow Theory
	4.1. Traffic Flow Phenomenon
	4.2. Measurements of the Basic Flow Variables
	4.3. Vehicle Headways and Flow
	4.4. Poisson Distribution of the Number of Arrivals and the Exponential Distribution of Headways
	4.5. Normal Distribution and Pearson Type III Distribution of Headway
		4.5.1. Speeds
	4.6. Speed-Density Relationship
	4.7. Flow-Density Relationship
	4.8. Speed-Flow Relationship
	4.9. Fundamental Diagram of Traffic Flow
	4.10. Shock Waves
	4.11. Micro-Simulation Traffic Models
	4.12. Car Following Models
		4.12.1. The Car-Following Model Based on Fuzzy Inference Rules
	4.13. Network Flow Diagram
		4.13.1. Link-Based Measurements
		4.13.2. Generalized Traffic Flow Variables
		4.13.3. Trajectory-Based Measurements
	4.14. Problems
	References
Chapter 5: Capacity and Level of Service
	5.1. Introduction
	5.2. Highway Capacity and Level of Service
		5.2.1. Highway Capacity and Traffic Demand Variations
		5.2.2. Freeways
		5.2.3. Methodology for the Capacity Analysis, LOS, and the Lane Requirements
		5.2.4. The Number of Lanes Required to Deliver the Target LOS
	5.3. ``Ultimate´´ and ``Practical´´ Capacity of Bus Stations
	5.4. Rail Inter-Urban Transport Systems
		5.4.1. General
			5.4.1.1. Capacity and service level of infrastructure
				``Ultimate´´ capacity of a single-track line(s)
				``Practical´´ capacity of a single rail line(s) and service level
				``Ultimate´´ and ``practical´´ capacity of rail station(s), and service level
					Passenger stations
					Freight handling station
					Freight terminals
					Rail shunting yard
			5.4.1.2. Capacity and service level of the vehicle fleet
				Passenger trains
				Freight trains
					Capacity
					Transport work
					Productivity
					Size of rolling stock
	5.5. Inland Waterway Freight/Cargo Transportation System
		5.5.1. General
		5.5.2. Classification
		5.5.3. Infrastructure Network
			5.5.3.1. Ports
				Components, operations, and capacity
				Capacity and service level of the water side area
					``Ultimate´´ capacity
					``Practical´´ capacity and service level
				Capacity of and service level of the land side area
					``Ultimate´´ capacity
					``Practical´´ capacity and service level
			5.5.3.2. Rivers and man-built channels
				``Ultimate´´ capacity
				``Practical´´ capacity and service level
		5.5.4. Transport Service Network
			5.5.4.1. Rolling stock/vehicles
			5.5.4.2. Route and network
				Transport service frequency
				Transport work
				Productivity
				Network
	5.6. Maritime Freight/Cargo Transport System
		5.6.1. General
		5.6.2. Ports
			5.6.2.1. Configuration-layout
			5.6.2.2. Capacity-seaside area
			5.6.2.3. Service level-seaside area
			5.6.2.4. Capacity-landside area
				Terminal yard/area
				Freight/cargo handling equipment
			5.6.2.5. Capacity-access modes
				Rail
				Road
				Total capacity
				Balancing the seaside and landside capacity and the overall service quality
				Generalization
		5.6.3. Shipping Lines
			5.6.3.1. Route
				Capacity
				Service level
			5.6.3.2. Network
				Capacity
				Service level
	5.7. Air Transport System
		5.7.1. General
		5.7.2. Airports
			5.7.2.1. Background
			5.7.2.2. ``Ultimate´´ capacity
				Runway system
					Landing capacity
					Take-off capacity
					Capacity for mixed operations
				Taxiways
				Apron/gate complex
			5.7.2.3. ``Practical´´ capacity and service level
		5.7.3. Air Traffic Control
			5.7.3.1. Background
			5.7.3.2. ``Ultimate´´ capacity
			5.7.3.3. ``Practical´´ capacity and service level
	5.8. Problems
	References
	Websites
Chapter 6: Traffic Control
	6.1. Introduction
	6.2. Traffic Control at Signalized Intersections
		6.2.1. Fixed-Time Control at the Isolated Intersection
		6.2.2. Vehicle Delays at Signalized Intersections
		6.2.3. The Determination of Timing for Fixed-Time Signals
		6.2.4. Signal Phasing Selection
		6.2.5. Volume Adjustment (Calculation of Equivalent Straight-Through Passenger Cars)
		6.2.6. Critical Lane Volumes Selection
		6.2.7. Change Interval Calculation
		6.2.8. Cycle Length Calculation
		6.2.9. Green Time Allocation
		6.2.10. Pedestrian Crossing Time Check
		6.2.11. Actuated Signal Control
	6.3. Alternative Intersections
		6.3.1. Displaced Left-Turn (DLT) Intersections
		6.3.2. Median U-Turn (MUT) Intersection
		6.3.3. Restricted Crossing U-Turn (RCUT) Intersections
		6.3.4. Quadrant Roadway Intersection
		6.3.5. Roundabout
		6.3.6. Diverging Diamond Interchange(DDI)
	6.4. Traffic Control for Arterial Streets
		6.4.1. Adaptive Control Strategies
	6.5. Area-Wide Traffic Control Systems
	6.6. Traffic Control Signal Needs Studies
		6.6.1. Warrant 1
		6.6.2. Warrant 2
		6.6.3. Warrant 3
		6.6.4. Warrant 4
		6.6.5. Warrant 5
		6.6.6. Warrant 6
		6.6.7. Warrant 7
		6.6.8. Warrant 8
		6.6.9. Warrant 9
	6.7. Intelligent Transportation Systems
		6.7.1. ITS Architecture
		6.7.2. ITS User Services
		6.7.3. Autonomous Vehicles
		6.7.4. Autonomous Intersection Management
	6.8. Freeway Traffic Control
		6.8.1. Freeway Traffic Control Measures
		6.8.2. Ramp Metering
		6.8.3. Driver Information and Guidance Systems
	6.9. Transportation Demand Management
		6.9.1. Ride-Sharing (Carpooling)
		6.9.2. Remote Parking and Park and Ride
		6.9.3. Improved Walkability
		6.9.4. Telework
		6.9.5. Congestion Pricing
		6.9.6. Congestion Charges
	6.10. HOV Facilities
	6.11. Highway Space Inventory Control System
	6.12. Auctions
	6.13. Rail Traffic Control
		6.13.1. Background
		6.13.2. Infrastructure
		6.13.3. Supportive Facilities and Equipment
			6.13.3.1. Signaling systems
				Fixed block systems
				ERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System)
				Moving block system
			6.13.3.2. Rail traffic control/management system
			6.13.3.3. Fully automated rail traffic control/management system
				Concept of metro automation
				Components of automated metro system
				Signaling and train control
		6.13.4. The Workload and Capacity of Train Dispatcher(s)
	6.14. Air Traffic Control
		6.14.1. Background
		6.14.2. Infrastructure
			6.14.2.1. Airspace
			6.14.2.2. Airports
		6.14.3. Supportive Facilities and Equipment
		6.14.4. The ATC Separation Rules and Procedures
		6.14.5. The ATC Staff-Controller and Pilots
		6.14.6. Automation
		6.14.7. The Workload and Capacity of ATC Controller(s)
	6.15. Problems
	References
	Websites
Chapter 7: Public Transportation Systems
	7.1. Introduction
	7.2. Number of Transported Passengers Versus Number of Served Vehicles
	7.3. Urban Public Transit
		7.3.1. Road-Based Urban Transit Systems
			7.3.1.1. Regular buses
			7.3.1.2. Trolleybuses
			7.3.1.3. Semirapid buses
		7.3.2. Rail-Based Urban Transit Systems
			7.3.2.1. Streetcars or tramways
			7.3.2.2. Light rail transit
			7.3.2.3. Rail rapid transit or subway or metro
			7.3.2.4. Regional rail
		7.3.3. Complementarity of the Systems
	7.4. Infrastructure of Urban Transit Systems
		7.4.1. Stops/Stations in Urban Transit Systems
		7.4.2. Urban Transit Systems Links and Indicators of Network Size
			7.4.2.1. Topology and relationship to the urban area/city
	7.5. Public Transportation Availability
	7.6. Passenger Flows in Public Transportation
	7.7. Passenger Flows Along a Transit Line
	7.8. Service Frequency and Headways
		7.8.1. The Maximum Service Frequency
		7.8.2. Passenger Waiting Time
		7.8.3. Headway Determination by ``Square Root Formula´´
		7.8.4. Headway Determination by Maximum Load Method
	7.9. Timetable
	7.10. Transit Line Capacity
		7.10.1. Transit Line Capacity Utilization
	7.11. The Performances of the Urban Transit Network
	7.12. Public Transit Network Types
	7.13. The Public Transit Network Design
		7.13.1. Simple Greedy Algorithm for Public Transit Network Design
	7.14. Service Frequencies Determination in Transit Network
	7.15. Vehicle Scheduling in Public Transit
	7.16. Crew Scheduling in Public Transit
	7.17. Disruption Management in Public Transit
	7.18. Public Transit Planning Process
	7.19. Shared Mobility
		7.19.1. Demand-Responsive Transportation Systems
		7.19.2. Type of Routing and Scheduling in DRT
		7.19.3. Dial-a-Ride
		7.19.4. Bicycle Transportation
		7.19.5. Transportation Policy That Promotes Bicycle Transportation
		7.19.6. Infrastructure for Bicycling
		7.19.7. Bicycle-Sharing Systems
		7.19.8. Imbalance Between Bike Demand and Bike Supply
	7.20. Interurban Road Transport Systems
		7.20.1. Introduction
		7.20.2. Service Networks in an Interurban Road Transportation
	7.21. Air Transportation
		7.21.1. Air Transportation Demand
		7.21.2. Airline Supply and Airline Capacity
	7.22. Air Transportation Networks
	7.23. Flight Frequencies
		7.23.1. Flight Frequency Satisfying Demand
		7.23.2. Flight Frequency Gaining Market Share
		7.23.3. Flight Frequency Minimizing the Total Route Cost
	7.24. Airline Transport Work and Productivity
	7.25. Fleet Size
	7.26. Level of Service
	7.27. Airline Scheduling
	7.28. Airline Schedule Planning Process
	7.29. Airline Revenue Management
	7.30. Problems
	REFERENCES
Chapter 8: Transportation Demand Analysis
	8.1. Introduction
	8.2. Transportation Demand and Transportation Supply
	8.3. Transportation Demand Modeling
	8.4. Transportation Demand Forecasting Techniques
		8.4.1. Time Series Models
		8.4.2. Trend Projection
	8.5. Four-Step Planning Procedure
		8.5.1. Trip Generation
		8.5.2. Trip Distribution
		8.5.3. Gravity Model
		8.5.4. Modal Split
		8.5.5. Route Choice and Traffic Assignment
	8.6. User Equilibrium and System Optimum
		8.6.1. Formulation of the User Equilibrium Problem
	8.7. Heuristic Algorithms for Finding User-Equilibrium Flow Pattern
		8.7.1. Capacity Restraint Algorithm
		8.7.2. FHWA Algorithm
		8.7.3. Incremental Assignment Algorithm
	8.8. System Optimal Route Choice
	8.9. Price of Anarchy
	8.10. Braess Paradox and Transportation Capacity Expansions
	8.11. Dynamic Traffic Assignment
	8.12. Transportation Demand Analysis Based on Discrete Choice Models
	8.13. Logit Model
		8.13.1. Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives Property
		8.13.2. Logit Model Estimation
	8.14. Application of the Computational Intelligence Techniques for the Prediction of Travel Demand
	8.15. Activity-Based Travel Demand Models
		8.15.1. Basic Characteristics of the Activity-Based Travel Models
	8.16. Problems
	References
Chapter 9: Freight Transportation and Logistics
	9.1. Logistics Systems Basics
		9.1.1. Reverse Logistics
	9.2. Road Freight Transport Infrastructure
		9.2.1. ``Ultimate´´ and ``Practical´´ Capacity and Service Level of Road Truck Roads
		9.2.2. ``Ultimate´´ and ``Practical´´ Capacity of Road Freight Terminals and Their Level-of-Service
	9.3. Service Networks of the Road Freight Transport Operators
		9.3.1. Capacities and Service Level of the Road Freight Transport Service Networks
	9.4. City Logistics
		9.4.1. Urban Freight Transport Basics
		9.4.2. Urban Freight Distribution Systems
			9.4.2.1. Conventional systems
			9.4.2.2. Advanced systems
				Vehicles/capsules and their power and guidance system
	9.5. Basics of Location Theory
		9.5.1. Location Problems Classification
		9.5.2. Measuring Distances Between Facilities and Demand-Generating Nodes
		9.5.3. The Location Set Covering Problem
		9.5.4. Maximal Covering Location Problem
		9.5.5. Medians
			9.5.5.1. Location of a single median
		9.5.6. Hub Location
	9.6. Vehicle Routing and Scheduling
		9.6.1. VRPs Types
		9.6.2. Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Problems Complexity
		9.6.3. Traveling Salesman Problem
		9.6.4. Vehicle Routing Problem
		9.6.5. Clark-Wrights ``Savings´´ Algorithm for the VRP
		9.6.6. Sweep Algorithm for the VRP
	9.7. Problems
	References
	Website
Chapter 10: Transport Economics
	10.1. Introduction
	10.2. Definition of the Main Terms
		10.2.1. Transport Sector/Industry
		10.2.2. Fixed and Variable Costs
		10.2.3. Economies of Scale and Economies of Scope
		10.2.4. The Cost Function and Revenues
		10.2.5. Relationship Between Demand and Supply
	10.3. Transportation Projects Evaluation
	10.4. Cost-Benefit Analysis
	10.5. Infrastructure Cost
		10.5.1. Urban Mass Transit Systems
			10.5.1.1. General
			10.5.1.2. Streetcar (tramway)
			10.5.1.3. BRT and LRT
			10.5.1.4. Subway (metro)
		10.5.2. Road
		10.5.3. Rail
		10.5.4. Inland Waterways
		10.5.5. Ports
		10.5.6. Airports
	10.6. Operating Costs and Revenues
		10.6.1. Individual Cars
		10.6.2. Urban Mass Transit Systems
			10.6.2.1. General
			10.6.2.2. Streetcar (tramway)
			10.6.2.3. BRT and LRT
			10.6.2.4. Costs
			10.6.2.5. Revenues
			10.6.2.6. Subway (metro)
		10.6.3. Interurban Mass Transit Systems
			10.6.3.1. Road passenger transport
			10.6.3.2. Road freight transport
			10.6.3.3. Rail passenger transport
				Costs
				Revenues
				Balancing revenues and costs
			10.6.3.4. Rail freight transport
		10.6.4. Inland Waterways Cargo Transport
		10.6.5. Maritime Cargo Transport
			10.6.5.1. Ports
				Costs
				Revenues
			10.6.5.2. Shipping lines
				Costs
				Revenues
		10.6.6. Air
			10.6.6.1. Airports
			10.6.6.2. Air traffic control
			10.6.6.3. Airlines passenger transport
				Costs
				Revenues
			10.6.6.4. Airlines cargo transport
		10.6.7. Intermodal-Rail/Road Freight Transport
			10.6.7.1. General
			10.6.7.2. CIFTs
			10.6.7.3. LIFTs
			10.6.7.4. Costs
			10.6.7.5. Revenues
	References
	Websites
Chapter 11: Transportation, Environment, and Society
	11.1. Introduction
	11.2. Categorization and Modeling Impacts
		11.2.1. Congestion
		11.2.2. Noise
		11.2.3. Traffic Incidents/Accidents (Safety)
		11.2.4. Energy/Fuel Consumption and Emissions of GHG
			11.2.4.1. Energy/fuel consumption
			11.2.4.2. Emissions of GHG
				Air pollutants
				Contribution to global warming/climate change
				Some estimation of emissions of GHG
		11.2.5. Land Use
		11.2.6. Waste
	11.3. Road-Based Systems
		11.3.1. Congestion
			11.3.1.1. Cars
				Impact
			11.3.1.2. Buses
			11.3.1.3. Trucks
		11.3.2. Noise
			11.3.2.1. Cars
				Character of impact
				Some mitigation measures
			11.3.2.2. Buses
			11.3.2.3. Trucks
		11.3.3. Traffic Accidents/Incidents (Safety)
			11.3.3.1. Cars
				Character of impact
				Some mitigating measures
			11.3.3.2. Buses
			11.3.3.3. Trucks
		11.3.4. Energy/Fuel Consumption and Emissions of GHG
			11.3.4.1. Cars
				Categories
				Some effects of different passenger car technologies
			11.3.4.2. Buses
				Direct energy/fuel consumption and related emissions of GHG
				Indirect energy/fuel consumption and related emissions of GHG-savings by modals shift
			11.3.4.3. Trucks
		11.3.5. Land Use
			11.3.5.1. Cars
			11.3.5.2. Buses
			11.3.5.3. Trucks
	11.4. Rail-Based Systems
		11.4.1. Congestion
			11.4.1.1. Streetcar (tramway)
			11.4.1.2. LRT (Light Rail Transit)
			11.4.1.3. Subway (metro)
			11.4.1.4. Passenger inter-urban trains
			11.4.1.5. Freight trains
		11.4.2. Noise
			11.4.2.1. Streetcar (tramway)
			11.4.2.2. LRT (Light Rail Transit)
			11.4.2.3. Subway (metro)
			11.4.2.4. Passenger inter-urban trains
			11.4.2.5. Freight trains
		11.4.3. Traffic Accidents/Incidents (Safety)
			11.4.3.1. Streetcar (tramway)
			11.4.3.2. LRT (Light Rail Transit)
			11.4.3.3. Subway (metro)
			11.4.3.4. Passenger inter-urban trains
			11.4.3.5. Freight trains
		11.4.4. Energy/Fuel Consumption and Emissions of GHG
			11.4.4.1. Streetcar (tramway)
			11.4.4.2. LRT (Light Rail Transit)
			11.4.4.3. Subway (metro)
			11.4.4.4. Passenger inter-urban trains
			11.4.4.5. Freight trains
		11.4.5. Land Use
			11.4.5.1. Streetcar (tramway)
			11.4.5.2. LRT (Light Rail Transit)
			11.4.5.3. Subway (metro)
			11.4.5.4. Passenger inter-urban trains
			11.4.5.5. Freight trains
	11.5. Water-Based Systems
		11.5.1. Congestion
		11.5.2. Noise
			11.5.2.1. Seaports
			11.5.2.2. Shipping lines and inland vessels/barges
		11.5.3. Traffic Accidents/Incidents (Safety)
			11.5.3.1. Seaports
			11.5.3.2. Shipping lines
		11.5.4. Energy/Fuel Consumption and Emissions of GHG
			11.5.4.1. Inland waterways
			11.5.4.2. Seaports
				Energy/fuel consumption
				Emissions of GHG
				Some mitigating measures
			11.5.4.3. Shipping lines
				Energy/fuel consumption and emissions of GHG
				Some mitigating measures
				Future technologies
		11.5.5. Land Use
		11.5.6. Waste
	11.6. Air-Based Systems
		11.6.1. Congestion
			11.6.1.1. Shortage of the airport and ATC capacity
			11.6.1.2. Demand/capacity relationship at airports
			11.6.1.3. Some other causes
			11.6.1.4. Frequency
		11.6.2. Noise
			11.6.2.1. Aircraft noise
			11.6.2.2. Airport noise
		11.6.3. Traffic Accidents and Incidents (Safety)
			11.6.3.1. Risk
			11.6.3.2. Causes
			11.6.3.3. Assessment
		11.6.4. Energy/Fuel Consumption and Emissions of GHG
			11.6.4.1. Aircraft energy/fuel consumption
			11.6.4.2. Airline energy/fuel consumption
			11.6.4.3. Aircraft and airline emissions of GHG
			11.6.4.4. Airport energy/fuel consumption and emissions of GHG
		11.6.5. Land Use
	11.7. Costs of Impacts-Externalities
		11.7.1. Definition
		11.7.2. Some Modeling
			11.7.2.1. Congestion
			11.7.2.2. Noise
			11.7.2.3. Traffic accidents/incidents (safety)
			11.7.2.4. Energy consumption and emissions of GHG
			11.7.2.5. Land use
			11.7.2.6. Waste
		11.7.3. Some Estimation/Quantification
	References
	Website
Chapter 12: Resilience of Transport Systems
	12.1. Introduction
	12.2. Reliability, Resilience, Robustness, and Vulnerability of Engineering Systems
		12.2.1. Concept and Definition
		12.2.2. Uncertainty
	12.3. Reliability, Resilience, Robustness, and Vulnerability of Transport Systems
		12.3.1. Concept and Definition
		12.3.2. Disruptive Events
			12.3.2.1. Characteristics
			12.3.2.2. Pattern of occurrence
			12.3.2.3. Risk probabilities of occurrence
	12.4. Indicators of Performances for Estimating Reliability, Resilience, Robustness, and Vulnerability
		12.4.1. Scope
		12.4.2. Models of Indicators
			12.4.2.1. Infrastructure
			12.4.2.2. Vehicles
			12.4.2.3. Transport services
	12.5. Examples of Estimating Reliability, Resilience, Robustness, and Vulnerability
		12.5.1. Road Transport Mode
			12.5.1.1. Private transport services
			12.5.1.2. Public transport services
		12.5.2. Rail Transport Mode
		12.5.3. Air Transport Mode
	12.6. Contingency Measures and Disruption Management
		12.6.1. Public Transport
		12.6.2. Evacuation Problems
		12.6.3. Evacuation Process
		12.6.4. k-Shortest Paths Concept in Evacuation
		12.6.5. Evacuees Departure Rate and Departure Times
		12.6.6. Evacuation Strategies
		12.6.7. The Performance Metrics
	12.7. Comparing Reliability, Resilience, Robustness, Vulnerability, and Sustainability of Transport Systems
		12.7.1. Similarity and Differences
			12.7.1.1. Sustainability
			12.7.1.2. Resilience
			12.7.1.3. Some commonalities
		12.7.2. Possibility for Common Approach
			12.7.2.1. Ratio between the cumulative vulnerability and cumulative resilience of transport system during the impact of d ...
			12.7.2.2. Relationships between the cumulative losses of welfare and the cumulative savings in externalities during the i ...
			12.7.2.3. Difference between the costs of repairing damages and the losses of socioeconomic welfare by the impacts of dis ...
		12.7.3. Examples of Common Approach
			12.7.3.1. Some methodological details specific for the case
			12.7.3.2. Ratio between the cumulative vulnerability and cumulative resilience during the observed period of time
			12.7.3.3. Relationships between the cumulative losses of welfare and the cumulative savings in externalities during the i ...
			12.7.3.4. The total costs of disruptions of transport systems
	12.8. Problems
	References
	Websites
Index
Back Cover