Transportation biofuels: pathways for production

Intro --
Title --
Copyright --
Preface to the 2nd Edition --
Preface to the 1st Edition --
Contents --
Chapter 1 Introduction --
Chapter 2 Biological Conversion of Syngas into Ethanol --
2.1 First Generation of Ethanol Production --
2.2 Introduction of Biological Conversion of Syngas into Ethanol --
2.3 Clostridium ljungdahlii and Other Strains --
2.3.1 Introduction --
2.3.1.1 Analytical Methods --
2.3.2 Initial Growth Experiments (Medium Selection) --
2.4 Conceptual Design: Gasification and Syngas Cleaning --
2.4.1 Gasification Techniques --
2.4.1.1 Fixed Bed Gasification (FBG) 2.4.1.2 Fluidised Bed Gasification (BFB, CFB) --
2.4.1.3 Entrained Flow Gasification (EFG) --
2.4.1.4 Multiple Stage Gasification --
2.4.2 Syngas Purification --
2.4.2.1 Syngas Quality Specifications --
2.4.2.2 Syngas Cleaning Technologies --
2.5 Bioreactor Design --
2.5.1 Trickle-bed Reactor (Packed Bed or Monolith) --
2.5.2 Liquid-Gas Membrane Reactor (Coskata) --
2.5.3 Bubble and Micro-bubble Reactor --
2.5.4 Reactor with External Venturi Water-Gas Mixing --
2.6 Monolith Bioreactor Mass Transfer and Energy Consumption --
2.6.1 Liquid/Gas Flow Patterns in Monolith Channels 2.6.2 Bioreactor Mass Transfer --
2.6.3 Thickness of the Active Layer in Biofilm (Immobilized Cells) --
2.6.4 Pressure Drop --
2.6.5 Monolith vs. Conventional Bioreactors --
2.7 Design of a Continuous Bioreactor Set-up --
2.7.1 Design of a Continuous Bioreactor System --
2.8 Analytical Methods --
2.9 Experimental Results --
2.9.1 Initial Cell Attachment to the Monolith Column --
2.9.2 Biofilm Formation in the Monolith Column --
2.9.3 Biofilm Test with Glucose as the Main C-source --
2.9.4 CO Conversion in the Monolith Column 2.9.5 CO Conversion into Ethanol by Lowering pH in the Monolith Column --
2.9.6 Designed Medium Test --
2.9.7 Biofilm Test with CO as the Only C-source --
2.9.8 Product Concentration Boost by Lowering the Dilution Rate --
2.9.9 CO Conversion in Closed Bottles (Batch System) --
2.9.10 Gas-to-liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient Test --
2.10 Ethanol Distillation and Dehydration --
2.10.1 Ethanol Distillation --
2.10.1.1 Distillation Theory --
2.10.1.2 Energy Consumption --
2.10.2 Ethanol Dehydration --
2.10.2.1 Molecular Sieves --
2.10.2.2 Membrane Technologies --
2.10.2.3 Vapor Permeation 2.10.2.4 Pervaporation --
2.10.3 Energy Efficient Distilling and Dehydration Options --
2.10.3.1 General Assumptions for Energy Calculations --
2.10.3.2 Distilling Options and Energy Consumption with 2% Ethanol in the Feed --
2.10.3.3 Distilling Options and Energy Consumption with 10% Ethanol in the Feed --
2.11 Ethanol as a Transportation Biofuel --
2.11.1 Anhydrous Ethanol in Low Percentage Petrol Blends --
2.11.2 Anhydrous Ethanol in High Percentage Blends (E85) --
2.12 Industrial Ethanol Production from Lignocellulose --
2.12.1 Industrial Ethanol Production by Means of Gasification