Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems (Advanced Structured Materials, 93)

Contents
1 Hygrothermal Performance Evaluation of Gypsum Plaster Houses in Brazil
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Brazilian Housing Deficit and Thermal Performance Requirements
		2.1 Brazilian Housing Deficit
		2.2 Brazilian Energy Issue
		2.3 Brazilian Bioclimatic Zones
			2.3.1 Bioclimatic Zone 1 [Z1]
			2.3.2 Bioclimatic Zone 2 [Z2]
			2.3.3 Bioclimatic Zone 3 [Z3]
			2.3.4 Bioclimatic Zone 4 [Z4]
			2.3.5 Bioclimatic Zone 5 [Z5]
			2.3.6 Bioclimatic Zone 6 [Z6]
			2.3.7 Bioclimatic Zone 7 [Z7]
			2.3.8 Bioclimatic Zone 8 [Z8]
		2.4 Buildings Thermal Performance Regulation in Brazil
			2.4.1 NBR 15220 (2005)—Thermal Performance of Buildings
			2.4.2 NBR 15575 (2013)—Residential Buildings Performance
			2.4.3 RTQ-R (2012)—Quality Technical Regulation of the Energy Efficiency Level of Single-Family and Multi-family Residential Buildings
	3 Thermal Comfort and Nocturnal Ventilation
		3.1 Thermal Comfort Models
			3.1.1 Fanger Model (PMV and PPD)
			3.1.2 Adaptive Approach
			3.1.3 Thermal Comfort Quantification
			3.1.4 Adaptive Model of Thermal Comfort, ASHRAE 55
			3.1.5 Adaptive Model of Thermal Comfort, EN 15251
			3.1.6 Adaptive Portuguese Thermal Comfort Model, EN 15251
		3.2 Night Ventilation (Natural Ventilation)
			3.2.1 International Contributions to Nocturnal Ventilation
	4 Gypsum Importance in Brazilian Building Construction
		4.1 Examples of Gypsum Houses
		4.2 Importance of Gypsum Construction in Brazilian North-Eastern
		4.3 Sustainability of Gypsum Constructions
		4.4 Durability Evaluation of Plaster Buildings in the Northeast Brazil
		4.5 Brief Literature Review of Gypsum Application
		4.6 International Standardization on Plaster
	5 Conclusions
	References
2 Influence of Reinforced Mortar Coatings on the Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Geometrical Characteristics
		2.2 Physical Characteristics
		2.3 Mechanical Characteristics
		2.4 Fine Aggregate Analyse
			2.4.1 Determination of the Granulometric Composition
			2.4.2 Determination of the Specific Mass
			2.4.3 Determination of the Fine Materials Content
			2.4.4 Clay Content in Clods
			2.4.5 Unit Mass Test
			2.4.6 Swelling of the Fine Aggregate
		2.5 Weak, Medium and Strong Mortar
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Mortar
		3.2 Prisms and Wallettes
	4 Conclusions
	References
3 Experimental Analyse of the Influence of Different Mortar Rendering Layers in Masonry Buildings
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Units: Concrete and Ceramic Blocks
		2.2 Fine Aggregate and Mortars
		2.3 Steel Mesh and Connector
		2.4 Prisms
		2.5 Wallets Specimens
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Ceramic Brick Prisms
		3.2 Concrete Brick Prisms
		3.3 Wallet Specimens
		3.4 Scratch Coating Influence
		3.5 Mortar Coating Mixture Proportion Influence
		3.6 Mortar Coating Layer Thickness Influence
		3.7 Influence of Reinforced Mortar Layer with Steel Meshes Inside
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 Ceramic Membranes: Theory and Engineering Applications
	Abstract
	1 Foundations in Porous Membrane
		1.1 Membrane Classification
			1.1.1 Nanofiltration Membranes
			1.1.2 Ultrafiltration Membranes
			1.1.3 Microfiltration Membranes
			1.1.4 Polymeric Membranes
			1.1.5 Ceramic Membranes
		1.2 Behind the Permeation Process
			1.2.1 Permeation and Diffusion
			1.2.2 Polarization by Concentration
			1.2.3 Incrustation
		1.3 Technological Applications of Ceramic Membranes
	2 Liquid Filtration with Membranes
		2.1 Laminar Flow Through Porous Membrane
			2.1.1 Darcy’s Law
			2.1.2 Kozeny–Carman’s Equation
			2.1.3 Capillarity Model (Hagen–Poiseuille Equation)
			2.1.4 Damak’s Model
		2.2 Turbulent Flow Through Membranes
	3 CFD Applications: Separation Process by Porous Membranes
		3.1 The Physical Problem
		3.2 Mathematical Modeling
			3.2.1 Governing Equations
			3.2.2 Boundary Conditions
			3.2.3 Fluid and Membrane Data and Simulated Cases
			3.2.4 Results Analysis
	4 Final Considerations
	Acknowledgements
	References
5 Unsteady State Heat Transfer in Packed-Bed Elliptic Cylindrical Reactor: Theory, Advanced Modeling and Applications
	Abstract
	1 What Is a Porous Media?
		1.1 Foundations
		1.2 Important Parameters in Porous Media
			1.2.1 Porosity
			1.2.2 Permeability
			1.2.3 Specific Surface Area
			1.2.4 Sphericity
	2 Chemical Reactors
		2.1 Batch Reactors, Continuous Agitation Tank and Plug-Flow Type
		2.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reactions
		2.3 Batch, Semi-batch and Continuous Operation
	3 Heat Transfer in Fixed Bed Reactor
		3.1 Basic Concepts
		3.2 Mathematical Modeling
			3.2.1 Heterogeneous Models
			3.2.2 Pseudo-homogeneous Models
	4 Transient Heat Transfer in Fixed-Bed Elliptic-Cylindrical Reactor
		4.1 Physical Problem and Geometry
		4.2 Governing Equations
		4.3 Initial, Symmetry and Boundary Conditions
		4.4 Numerical Treatment
	5 Application
		5.1 Simulation Data
		5.2 Results and Analysis
	6 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 Advanced Study to Heat and Mass Transfer in Arbitrary Shape Porous Materials: Foundations, Phenomenological Lumped Modeling and Applications
	Abstract
	1 Drying Theory of Wet Porous Solids
		1.1 Foundations
		1.2 Moisture Migration Mechanisms
		1.3 Types of Drying
	2 Drying Process Modeling
		2.1 Distributed Models
		2.2 Lumped Models
			2.2.1 Semi-theoretical Models
			2.2.2 Empirical Models
			2.2.3 Theoretical Models
				Non Phenomenological Models
				Phenomenological Models
	3 Advanced Modeling to Describe the Drying of Hollow Homogeneous Solids
		3.1 Basic Information
		3.2 Mathematical Modeling of Heat and Mass Transfer
			3.2.1 Analysis of Mass Transfer
			3.2.2 Analysis of Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer
			3.2.3 Volume and Surface Area of the Solid with Arbitrary Shape
	4 Application: Drying of Hollow Solids
		4.1 The Geometry of the Solid
		4.2 Process Parameters and Cases in Study
		4.3 Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
7 Water Absorption Process in Polymer Composites: Theory Analysis and Applications
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Sorption by Polymer Composites
		2.1 Fundamentals
		2.2 Mathematical Modeling for Water Diffusion
			2.2.1 The Fick’s Model
			2.2.2 Jacob’s-Jones Model
			2.2.3 Time-Variable Mass Diffusivity Model
			2.2.4 The Langmuir Model
	3 Advanced Langmuir Model
		3.1 The Physical Problem
		3.2 The Governing Equation
		3.3 Solution Techniques
			3.3.1 Analytical Solution
			3.3.2 Numerical Solution
	4 Application
		4.1 Experimental Data
		4.2 Theoretical Data
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
8 Liquid Injection Molding Process in the Manufacturing of Fibrous Composite Materials: Theory, Advanced Modeling and Engineering Applications
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Basic Theory of Porous Media
		1.2 What Are Composite Materials?
	2 Transport Phenomena Theory in RTM Processes
		2.1 The Physics in RTM Processes
		2.2 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Mathematical Formulation
			2.2.1 Fluid Flow Model
			2.2.2 Heat Transfer Model
	3 Application of RTM for Composite Manufacturing
		3.1 Experimental Investigation
		3.2 Theoretical Procedure
			3.2.1 The General Governing Equations
			3.2.2 Physical Problem and the Geometry
			3.2.3 Rectilinear Infiltration Model
		3.3 Results Analysis
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Description of Osmotic Dehydration of Banana Slices Dipped in Solution of Water and Sucrose Followed by Complementary Drying Using Hot Air
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Diffusion Equation
		2.2 Boundary Condition of the Third Kind
			2.2.1 Analytical Solution for Boundary Condition of the Third Kind
			2.2.2 Numerical Solution for Boundary Condition of the Third Kind
				Discretization of the Diffusion Equation for the Internal Control Volumes
				Discretization of the Diffusion Equation for the Southeast Control Volume
			2.2.3 Average Value of the Moisture Content
			2.2.4 Evaluation of Water Diffusivity
		2.3 Boundary Condition of the First Kind
			2.3.1 Analytical Solution for Boundary Condition of the First Kind
			2.3.2 Numerical Solution for Boundary Condition of the First Kind
		2.4 Optimizations
		2.5 Osmotic Dehydration Experiments
		2.6 Complementary Drying
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Osmotic Dehydration
			3.1.1 Water Quantity
			3.1.2 Sucrose Quantity
		3.2 Complementary Drying
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References