Transport and Developing Countries

BOOK COVER......Page 1
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
FIGURES......Page 7
PLATES......Page 9
TABLES......Page 10
PREFACE......Page 12
THE TRANSPORT GAP......Page 15
DEMAND- AND SUPPLY-LED MODELS......Page 21
TRANSPORT AND FORWARD LINKAGES......Page 25
CONSEQUENCES FOR USERS......Page 27
CONSEQUENCES FOR NON-USERS AND WIDER REGION......Page 30
‘DISBENEFITS’ AND COSTS......Page 32
TRANSPORT AND SPATIAL ORGANISATION......Page 34
TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 36
THE ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORT......Page 40
2 INLAND WATERWAYS TRANSPORT—THE ‘NATURAL’ MODE......Page 44
THE WATERWAYS......Page 45
RIVER NAVIGATION......Page 47
IMPROVED RIVER NAVIGATION......Page 52
NAVIGATION AIDS......Page 55
INLAND WATERWAY CRAFT......Page 56
PUSHING VERSUS PULLING......Page 58
BARGE-CARRIER SYSTEMS......Page 61
RIVER PORTS......Page 65
PLANNING IMPLICATIONS......Page 68
3  RAILWAYS—THE INITIATORS OF TAKE-OFF?......Page 75
THE RAILWAY AND DEVELOPMENT DEBATE......Page 76
THE ORGANISATION OF RAILWAY SYSTEMS......Page 79
THE RAILWAY TRACK......Page 81
RAIL TRACK GEOMETRY......Page 84
TRACTION......Page 89
TRAIN PATHS......Page 91
RAILWAY ECONOMICS......Page 96
MAINTENANCE......Page 98
RAIL NETWORKS......Page 99
RAILWAY INVESTMENT......Page 101
POLICY IMPLICATIONS......Page 106
4  AIR TRANSPORT—THE HIGH-COST SOLUTION?......Page 108
REGIONAL CONTRASTS IN AIR TRANSPORT......Page 109
THE PIONEER ROLE OF AIR TRANSPORT......Page 115
AIR TRANSPORT AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 117
AIR TRANSPORT—THE INTERNATIONAL MODE......Page 120
AIR TRANSPORT SERVICES......Page 122
THE NATIONAL AIRLINE......Page 124
AIRLINE COSTS......Page 127
AIR FREIGHT......Page 130
AIRPORT FACILITIES......Page 134
AIRPORT PLANNING......Page 135
RUNWAYS AND CAPACITY......Page 136
AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES......Page 141
A CAUTIOUS APPROACH?......Page 143
5 ROAD TRANSPORT—THE UNIVERSAL MODE......Page 145
THE NATURE OF ROAD NETWORKS......Page 146
ROAD CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY......Page 151
ROAD DESIGN AND CAPACITY......Page 155
ACCESSIBILITY AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 157
LOW-COST ROADS FOR DEVELOPMENT......Page 161
PLANNED ROAD IMPROVEMENT......Page 164
THE CONSEQUENCES OF ROAD IMPROVEMENT......Page 166
AMAZONIAN HIGHWAYS......Page 168
OTHER ROAD DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES......Page 171
VEHICLES FOR ROADS......Page 173
THE WIDER IMPLICATIONS......Page 177
6  TRANSPORT—MAKER AND BREAKER OF CITIES......Page 179
URBAN FORM, FUNCTION AND TRANSPORT......Page 181
DEMAND FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT......Page 186
BUS TRANSPORT......Page 189
INTERMEDIATE PUBLIC TRANSPORT (IPT)......Page 192
REGULATING IPT SERVICES......Page 197
THE ‘FORMAL’/‘INFORMAL’ DEBATE......Page 199
NON-MOTORISED TRANSPORT......Page 202
RAIL-BASED TRANSIT SYSTEMS......Page 205
TRANSPORT STRATEGIES FOR URBAN AREAS......Page 209
7  SEAPORT ‘GATEWAYS’ AND PORT DEVELOPMENT......Page 213
THE PORT ‘SYSTEM’......Page 214
SITE, SHIPPING TECHNOLOGY AND PORT MORPHOLOGY......Page 216
CHANGING TECHNOLOGY OF MARITIME TRANSPORT......Page 222
PORT CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 225
THE PORT CONGESTION PROBLEM......Page 228
PORT EFFICIENCY, PRODUCTIVITY AND CAPACITY......Page 233
PORT PLANNING......Page 236
PORTS—PUBLIC OR PRIVATE?......Page 239
8  DEVELOPING THE MARITIME CAPABILITY......Page 246
THE ‘INFORMAL’ SHIPPING SECTOR......Page 247
THE FORMAL SECTOR......Page 251
FLAG AND REGISTER......Page 252
ACCESS TO THE SHIPPING MARKET......Page 255
THE LINER CONFERENCE SYSTEM......Page 256
FLEET DEVELOPMENT......Page 259
THE CONTAINER TRADES......Page 261
PUBLIC SHIPPING ENTERPRISE......Page 262
PRIVATE SHIPPING COMPANIES......Page 263
SHIPBUILDING AND FINANCE......Page 265
CREWING AND EXPLOITATION OF SEAFARERS......Page 267
FLAG, REGULATION AND SAFETY......Page 270
9 SOME THEMES FOR THE FUTURE......Page 273
CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY......Page 274
THE INTERNATIONALISATION OF TRANSPORT......Page 275
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE......Page 277
THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR......Page 279
PUBLIC VERSUS PRIVATE ENTERPRISE......Page 280
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 283
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 285
INDEX......Page 300