Transnational Activities of Women-Focused Civil Society Actors in Southern Africa

Contents
List of Figures
1 Introduction
	Background and Context
	Research Methods and Methodology
	Approach and Content
	References
2 Conceptual Clarification and Analytical Framework
	Defining Southern Africa
	Common Conceptions of Transnationalism and Regionalisation
	The New Regionalism Approach (NRA)
	Defining Civil Society
	Arguments Against Civil Society Activities
	Civil Society Regionalisation
	Regionalisation, Globalisation and Regional Thickening
	The New Regionalism and Regional Thickening
	Globalisation and Neo-Liberalism
	Defining Security and Gender Security
	Regional Thickening as Game-Changing
	Conclusion
	References
3 Non-state Actors as Transnational Agents
	Introduction
	International Governmental Organisations: Agents of Global Governance
	Civil Society Organisations: Apostles of Norm Entrepreneurship
	Multinational Corporations: Drivers of International Political Economy
	Conclusion
	References
4 The History of Game-Changing in Southern Africa
	Introduction
	Transnational Communities and Game-Changing
		Transnational Trade Union Organisation
		Transnational Educational Organisation
		The Politics of Game-Changing
		Transnational Faith-Based Movements
			Power Relations
			The ZCC’s Political Functions
			Social and Economic Roles
		Transnational Women’s Organisation
			The Gendered Nature of Colonial Southern Africa
			Women’s Participation in Resistance Politics
			Women’s Organisation in the Post-Colonial Era
			Women’s Participation in Global Inter-State Spaces
	The Interface Between State and Non-State Regionalism
	The Gendered Politics of SADCC
		Recognition of Non-State Actors in State Regionalisms
	Globalisation, Democratisation and Game-Changing
	Power Dynamics and Game-Changing
	Conclusion
	References
5 Civil Society Actors and Comparative Region-Building: ECOWAS and the EAC
	Introduction
	Legal and Institutional Frameworks for ECOWAS-CSO Engagement
	CSOs in West Africa
	The Normative and Legal Basis of the Place of Women in ECOWAS
	Women’s CSOs’ Role in Peace Processes in West Africa
	Legal and Institutional Frameworks for EAC-CSOs Engagement
	The Normative and Legal Basis of the Place of Women in the EAC
	Women CSOs’ Role in Peace Processes in East Africa
	Women’s CSOs and Gender Equality in East Africa
	Conclusion
	References
6 Regional Thickening as Game-Changing: Gender and Women Civil Society Actors in Southern Africa
	Introduction
	Civil Society Actors and the Game-Changing Cycle
	Civil Society’s Game in SADC Policymaking Spaces
	Civil Society’s Game in a Three-Phase Process
		Phase One Regional Thickening and Game-Changing
			The Interconnection of the 1997 SADC Declaration on Gender and Development and Global Norms
			Link to Non-State Regionalism
			Increasing Regionalisation
		Phase Two Regional Thickening and Game-Changing
			Thickening Regionalism
		Phase Three Regional Thickening and Game-Changing
	Thickening Norms on Gender
	Challenges Around Game-Changing
	The Politics of Game-Changing
	Conclusion
	References
7 Stabilisers? Transnational Communities’ Role in Addressing Gender Insecurity in Southern Africa
	Introduction
	Transnational Communities in a Transnational Context
		The Women and Law in Southern Africa Research and Education Trust (WLSA)
			Non-state Functions in Relation to Norm Development
		Gender Links (GL)
			Non-state Processes in Relation to Norm Development
			Norm Development at a Continental and Global Level
			Norm Adaptation
		The Southern Africa HIV and AIDS Information Dissemination Service (SAfAIDS)
			SAFAIDS’ Transnational Activities Outside Formal Frameworks
			SAFAIDS’ Participation in Intergovernmental Policymaking Spaces
			Changing Norms
			Transnational Communities as Stabilisers
		The Voluntary Services Overseas: Regional HIV and AIDS Initiative of Southern Africa (VSO-RHAISA)
		Non-state and State Regionalism Within Intergovernmental Structures
		Women and Resources in Eastern and Southern Africa (WARESA)
			Interface of Non-state and State Regionalism
			Norm Diffusion
	Transnational Communities Operating in Solidarity Networks
		The Zimbabwe Women Resources Centre and Network (ZWRCN)
			Working Through Solidarity Networks
			Norm Development
			Norm Adaptation
			Norm Diffusion
		DITSHWANELO—The Botswana Centre for Human Rights
			Game-Changing in Solidarity Networks
			Interface Between Non-state-State Regionalism
			Developing the Norm Cycle
	The Politics of Game-Changing: Non-state-State Relations
	The Politics of Game-Changing: Non-state Relations
	Challenges of Game-Changing
	Conclusion
	References
8 Conclusion
	Introduction
	Regional Thickening and Game Change in IR Studies
	Conception of Security, Civil Society and Gender
	Mapping Regional Thickening as Game-Changing Around Gender
	Increasing Regionalism
	Transnational Communities as Stabilisers
	External and Internal Factors and Game-Changing
	Limitations of the Study and Our Impressions
	Overall Conclusion
Appendix 1: Interviewee List
Appendix 2: Interview Guide
Project Description
Overall Objectives
Appendix 3: Civil Society Regional Cluster Themes—SADC Protocol on Gender and Development
Appendix 4: Civil Society Regional Cluster Themes Reorganised Over Time
Appendix 5: State and Non-State Regional Meetings Between 2005 and 2008 on Gender-Related Issues
Appendix 6: Civil Society Milestones Around the SADC Protocol 2005–2015
Bibliography
Index