Transmitted Light Microscopy of Rock-Forming Minerals: An Introduction to Optical Mineralogy

Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction
	A Selection of Books on Optical Mineralogy, Books with a Chapter on Optical Mineralogy, and Publications Relevant to the Subject
	Further Reading
2 Basic Concepts
	2.1 Light as the Tool of Examination in Optical Mineralogy
	2.3 Retardation of Rays in Anisotropic Minerals and Birefringence
	2.4 Passage of Light Through Crystalline Matter: Optic Orientation and the Optical Indicatrix
	2.5 Location of the Optical Indicatrix with Reference to the Crystal Systems and Crystallographic Directions
		2.5.1 Location of the Optical Indicatrix in Isotropic Minerals
		2.5.2 Location of the Optical Indicatrix in Uniaxial Minerals
		2.5.3 Location of the Optical Indicatrix in Biaxial Minerals
	2.6 Understanding How a Mineral is Cut in a Thin Section
	References and Suggested Further References
	Further Reading
3 The Petrographic Microscope: A Polarized Light Microscope
	3.1 Substage Assembly
	3.2 Upperstage Assembly
	3.3 Circular Rotating Microscopic Stage and Objective Lens Revolver
	3.4 Objective Lenses
	3.5 Accessory Plates (Retardation Plates, Compensator Plates)
	3.6 Adjustment of the Microscope
		3.6.1 Checking the Orientation of the Polarizer and the Correct Alignment of the Analyzer
		3.6.2 Adjustment of the Oculars
		3.6.3 Centering the Objective Lenses
		3.6.4 Calibrating the Ocular Micrometer
		3.6.5 Adjustment of the Aperture Diaphragm
		3.6.6 Focusing and Centering the Condenser
		3.6.7 Adjustment of the Field Diaphragm
	3.7 The Object of Study: The Thin Section
	3.8 Illumination and Comfort While Working at the Microscope
	References and Suggested Further Reading
4 Optical Properties of Minerals in Plane Polarized Light (PPL)
	4.1 Color and Pleochroism
		4.1.1 Appearance of Color in Thin Section
		4.1.2 Intensity of Color
		4.1.3 Pleochroism
		4.1.4 Causes of Color
	4.2 Crystal Habit and Textural Relationships
		4.2.1 Appearance of Crystal Habit
		4.2.2 Causes of Different Habit
	4.3 Relief
		4.3.1 Appearance of relief
		4.3.2 Mathematical Formulation of Relief Formation Between Air and Mineral
		4.3.3 Formation of Relief Between Minerals and the Becke Line Method
	4.4 Cleavage
		4.4.1 Appearance of Cleavage
		4.4.2 Causes of cleavage
	References
	Further Reading
5 Optical Properties of Minerals in Cross Polarized Light (XPL)
	5.1 Birefringence
		5.1.1 Appearance of Birefringence
		5.1.2 The Michel-Lévy and the Raith-Sørensen Interference Color Charts
		5.1.3 How to Determine the Maximum Interference Color of a Mineral
		5.1.4 Transmission of Light by the Analyzer and Extinction Behavior
		5.1.5 Extinction Angle and Types of Extinction
	5.2 Elongation
	5.3 Twinning
		5.3.1 Appearance of Twinning
		5.3.2 Types of Twinning
		5.3.3 Causes of Twinning
	5.4 Crystal Zoning
		5.4.1 Oscillatory Zoning
		5.4.2 Concentric Zoning
		5.4.3 Sector or Sectoral Zoning
	References
	Further Reading
6 Conoscopic Observations and Interference Figures
	6.1 Interference Figures of Uniaxial Minerals
		6.1.1 Uniaxial Centered Optic Axis Figure (OA Figure)
		6.1.2 Uniaxial Off-Centered Interference Figure
		6.1.3 Flash Figure of Uniaxial Minerals
		6.1.4 Genge’s Birefringence Ball of Uniaxial Minerals
	6.2 Interference Figures of Biaxial Minerals
		6.2.1 Bxa Figure
		6.2.2 Biaxial-Centered Optic Axis Figure (OA Figure)
		6.2.3 Flash Figure of Biaxial Minerals
		6.2.4 Genge’s Birefringence Ball of Biaxial Minerals
		6.2.5 Determination of the 2V Angle in Biaxial Minerals
	6.3 How to Obtain an Interference Figure
	References and Books with Chapters on Conoscopic Observations
	Further Reading
7 Igneous Rocks: Some Basic Concepts
	7.1 Classification of Igneous Rocks
		7.1.1 Classification Based on Modal Composition
		7.1.2 Classification Based on Texture
	7.2 Chemical Classification of Igneous Rocks
	References and Suggested Further Reading
	Further Reading
8 Metamorphic Rocks: Some Basic Concepts
	8.1 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
		8.1.1 Textures of Metamorphic Rocks
		8.1.2 Modal Composition and Mineral Assemblage
		8.1.3 Protolith
	8.2 Common Textures in Metamorphic Rocks
	Selection of Books on Metamorphic Petrology and Cited Reference
	Further Reading
9 The Mineral Plates and How to Use Them
	9.1 Introduction to the Mineral Plates
	9.2 Mineral Plates
	Some References for the Determination of Minerals in Thin Section
	Further Reading
Appendix_1
Appendix_2
Appendix_3
Index