Translation Universals: Do They Exist? (Benjamins Translation Library, 48)

Editorial page......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
LCC page......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 6
Introduction......Page 8
References......Page 16
Part 1. Conceptualising universals......Page 20
Probabilistic explanations  in translation studies......Page 22
1. Introduction......Page 23
2. Universals should not be sought on too concrete a level......Page 24
3. Universals shouldn't be sought on too high a level either......Page 27
4. Would the presence of "shifts" constitute a universal?
......Page 28
5. Probabilistic thinking in translation studies......Page 30
6. The format of a conditioned statement in translation studies......Page 32
7. Drawing some conclusions......Page 35
Notes......Page 37
References......Page 38
1. Introduction......Page 40
2. The prescriptive route......Page 41
3. The pejorative route......Page 43
4. The descriptive route......Page 46
References......Page 54
1. Introduction: universals and DTS......Page 58
2. Methodological issues in corpus-based DTS......Page 60
3.1. Preliminary norms 1: non-fiction......Page 61
3.2. Preliminary norms 2: fiction......Page 63
4. Conclusion......Page 67
References......Page 68
Part 2. Large-scale tendencies in translated language......Page 70
1. Introduction......Page 72
2. Interference and its manifestations......Page 73
3. Interference or transfer - is there a difference?......Page 78
4. The Corpus of Translated Finnish......Page 79
5. Comparing the corpora......Page 81
6. Findings......Page 83
7. Conclusion......Page 86
References......Page 87
1. Introduction......Page 90
2. From norms to laws......Page 91
3.2. Results......Page 94
4. Discussion......Page 103
References......Page 104
1. Introduction......Page 108
2.1. Earlier studies on synonymity in translations......Page 110
2.2. Lexical and grammatical patterning of synonyms......Page 111
3.1. Three-Phase Comparative Analysis (TPCA): a corpus-based method for investigating the impact of a source language in translations......Page 113
3.2. Statistical procedures employed to analyse the similarity and difference......Page 117
4. Quantitative analysis of the three most frequent boosters across corpora......Page 118
5. Lexical associations of synonymous modifiers hyvin, kovin and oikein......Page 121
6. Further analysis: grammatical associations of hyvin......Page 125
7. Discussion......Page 128
Notes......Page 130
References......Page 131
Part 3. Testing the basics......Page 134
1. Introduction......Page 136
2. Material, aim and method......Page 137
3. Results......Page 141
4. Summary and conclusion......Page 146
Notes......Page 147
References......Page 148
1. Introduction......Page 150
2.1. Explicitation......Page 151
2.2. Definitions and hypotheses......Page 152
3.1. Selection, structure and size of the corpus......Page 154
3.2. Methods......Page 155
4.1. The explicitation strategies......Page 156
4.2. Shifts in explicitness......Page 163
4.3. Type/token ratio in the comparable corpus......Page 164
5. Conclusions......Page 166
Appendix 1......Page 167
References......Page 170
1. Introduction......Page 172
2. Explicitation of clausal relations......Page 173
3. Material and method......Page 176
4. Results......Page 177
4.1. Connectives more frequent in translations......Page 178
4.2. Connectives more frequent in Finnish originals......Page 180
5. Conclusion......Page 181
References......Page 182
1. Introduction......Page 184
2. Purpose......Page 185
3. Results......Page 186
4. Discussion......Page 188
References......Page 190
Part 4. Universals in the translation class......Page 192
1. Introduction......Page 194
2. Unique items......Page 196
3. Design of the translation test......Page 198
4. "Unique items" in learners' translations?
......Page 199
5. First explanations......Page 201
6. A control test......Page 202
7. Concluding remarks......Page 204
WINTER, O WEH!......Page 207
AN ORDINARY WINTER'S TALE......Page 208
Appendix 2: Front page of a local Volkswagen customer leaflet. 2......Page 209
References......Page 210
1. Introduction......Page 212
2. Research design......Page 213
3. Source text analysis......Page 214
4. Student translations......Page 216
5. Concluding remarks......Page 220
References......Page 221
Author index......Page 222
Subject index......Page 226
The BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRARY......Page 229