Translation Under Communism

Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Tables
Part I Introduction
1 Introduction
	The Focus on European Communism
	The Focus on Books
	The Studies in This Volume
	References
2 Translation and the History of European Communism
	The Centrality of Cultural Policies in Socialist Countries
	The Role of Translators and Editors
	United in Difference? Times and Local Cultures of the European Communist Regimes
	Communism Through the Lens of Translation
	References
Part II The Soviet Union
3 Translation and the Formation of the Soviet Canon of World Literature
	Introduction
	From 1917 to the Late 1920s: From Enlightenment to Exclusion
	The 1930s: (Re)Shaping the World Literature Canon
	1941–45: ‘Everything for the Front, Everything for Victory’
	1946–53: The Illusion of Inclusion
	1953–85: After Stalin
	1985–89: Perestroika
	The Canon and the Curriculum
	Conclusion
	Note on Translation and Transliteration
	References
4 Censorship, Permitted Dissent, and Translation Theory in the USSR: The Case of Kornei Chukovsky
	Chukovsky’s Pre-revolutionary Writings on Translation: From Anecdote to Abstraction
	Principles of Literary Translation (1919, 1920): The Translator’s Lichnost’
	Chukovsky’s Iskusstvo Perevoda (1930): Submission and Resistance
	Iskusstvo Perevoda (1936) and Vysokoe Iskusstvo (1941): The Friendship of Peoples
	The Post-Stalinist Editions of Vysokoe Iskusstvo: The Return of Lichnost’
	Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
5 Translating Inferno: Mikhail Lozinskii, Dante and the Soviet Myth of the Translator
	Introduction
	Translation in the Soviet Context
		The Translator and His Context
		The Translation
		The Workings of Myth and the Stalin Prize
	Conclusion
	Archival Sources
	References
6 Translation in Ukraine During the Stalinist Period: Literary Translation Policies and Practices
	Introduction
		Can Translation Change History?
		A Brief Flourishing of the Ukrainian Language and Culture: Why Translations Became an Urgent Task After the Collapse of the Russian Empire
	From the Ukrainian War of Independence to the Early Stalinist Era: Translation in the Period of Active Ukrainization in the UkrSSR
		The CP(B)U Nationalities Policy Refracted in Translation Practices6
		Translations of Russian Belles-Lettres as a Sign of the Rising Prestige of the Ukrainian Language
		Different Strategies for Translating from Russian and from Other Languages
	From the Cultural Renaissance in Ukraine to the Great Purge: Translation as Ideological Battlefield
		The CP(b)U Propaganda Objectives and Priority Books for Translation
		Justification of the Struggle Against ‘Nationalistic Wreckers’ in Translation: A Drive Towards De-Ukrainization and Strengthening the Agency of the Russian Language
	Translation in the Late Stalinism Period: Consequences of Total Governmental Regulation and Political Censorship
		Russifying Retranslations of the Classics
		Obligatory Literalism in Translations from Russian Versus the Declared Zero Tolerance of Literalism
	Conclusion
	References
Part III Communist Europe
7 The Politics of Translation in Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1952
	Translating a Political Programme
	Translation as Political Programme
	Translation: A Third Way
	Conclusion
	Archival Sources
8 Ideological Control in a Slovene Socialist State Publishing House: Conformity and Dissent
	Introduction
	The Main Concepts
	Methodological Approach and Extra-Textual Sources
	The Cultural Struggle in the Socialist Federal Republic of Slovenia
	Publishing Policy
		Maintaining Control Over Publishing in Socialist Slovenia
		Maintaining Control Over Publishing at Mladinska Knjiga
		Interviews
	The Possibility of Dissent
	Conclusions
	Archival Sources
9 ‘Anyone Who Isn’t Against Us Is for Us’: Science Fiction Translated from English During the Kádár Era in Hungary (1956–89)
	Science Fiction as an Example
	‘Engineers of Human Souls’: Attitudes Towards Literature, Publishing, and Literary Translation in the Kádár Era (1956–89)
	The Position of Translators
	The Infamous 3 Ps: Promotion, Permission, and Prohibition in Science Fiction and Its Translation
	Book Translations
	Galaktika
	Other Science Fiction Magazines
	Fanzines
	Characteristics of the Translations
	Conclusion
	References
10 The Impact of Cultural Policy in the GDR on the Work of Translators
	Introduction
	Cultural Policy of the GDR
		Phase of Renewal (1945–49)
		Setting up Socialism (1949–61)
		Achieving Socialism (1961–71)
		Constant Shifts Between Liberalization and Repression (1971–89)
			Censorship of Artistic Work in the GDR
	The Role of Translations in the GDR
	Being a Translator in the GDR
		Training Situation
		Financial Situation and Social Status
	Writers Union of the GDR
	Protocols of Translator Meetings Within the Writers Union
		The Role of Translation and Translators
		Translation Practice
		Problems for Translators
	Conclusion
	Institutional Names and Abbreviations
	Archived Documents of the East German Writers Union at the Archiv der Künste, Berlin
	Primary Sources
11 The Allen Ginsberg ‘Case’ and Translation (in) History: How Czechoslovakia Elected and Then Expelled the King of May
	An Interstitial Period: The Regime vs. Writers and the Youth
	Ginsberg and Beat Literature in Czechoslovakia Before 1965
	Allen Ginsberg in Czechoslovakia: The First Visit and ‘Not Getting into Trouble’
	Translation in the Hands of the Regime
	The Expulsion of the King of May (and His Works)
	The Return of the King of May (in Translation)
	Conclusion
	References
12 Literary Translation in Communist Bulgaria (1944–89)
	Cultural Contacts and Transmitted Images of Russian and French Cultures
	The Normative Organization of the Translation Process
	Negotiating/renegotiating the Canon. The Translator and the Boundaries of the Canon.
		The Figure of the Translator
		The Evolving Canon
	Conclusion
	References
13 Underground Fiction Translation in People’s Poland, 1976–89
	Spoiled for Choice
	From Samizdat to Industry
	Output
	Politics and Policy
	Selection
	Crisis
	Practice
	Conclusion
	References
Part IV Response
14 A Battle for Translation
	References
Index