Translanguaging for Empowerment and Equity: Language Practices in Philippine Education and Other Public Spaces

Foreword and Introduction
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
Part I Philippine Education
1 Translanguaging in Multicultural Classrooms: Discoveries, Dilemmas, and Directions
	Introduction
		Speak in Straight English: Kinalakihan at Kinagawian
		The English Only Policy in the Philippines: Noon at Ngayon
		The Monolingual Orientation: Hadlang at Harang
	Discoveries
		Discoveries in Multilingual Classrooms: Daan at Daluyan
	Dilemmas
		Crossroads in Teaching Multicultural Learners: Pasan at Pasakit
	Directions
		Innovations in Educating Students in the 21st Century: Tulay at Tawiran
	The 5 Ts Framework and Its Applications in Multicultural Classrooms
		Tenets
		Targets
		Texts
		Tasks
		Translanguaging
	Sample Lesson Outline
	Conclusion
	References
2 Prospects for Translingual Pedagogy in MTB-MLE
	Introduction
		Road to MTB-MLE: Language-In-Education Policies in the Philippines
	Challenges of MTB-MLE Implementation
		Assessment and Language Use
		Materials and Funding
		Teacher Training
		Language Attitudes
	Translanguaging Views
	Everyday Translanguaging as a Pedagogy
	Conclusion
	References
3 Assessing Language Attitudes Towards Translanguaging of Young Adult Learners in a Multilingual Setting
	Introduction
		Language Attitudes
		Language Attitude and Gender
		Language Attitude and Socioeconomic Status
		Language Attitude and Language Learning
		Translanguaging
		Translanguaging in the Academic Setting
		Translanguaging in the Multilingual Setting
		Translanguaging and the Learners
		Synthesis
	Framework
	Scope and Limitation
	This Study
		Design
		Setting
		Participants
		Data Gathering and Ethical Considerations
		Instruments
		Data Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		Respondents’ Attitude Towards Translanguaging
		Respondents’ Attitude Towards Translanguaging Across Gender
		Respondents’ Attitude Towards Translanguaging Across Socioeconomic Status
		Respondents’ Attitude Towards Translanguaging and Number of Languages Spoken
	Conclusion
	Implications
	References
4 A Space for Myself and My Language: University Students’ Translanguaging Practices and Agency
	Introduction
		Writing in the Second Language (L2) Classroom
		The Teaching of Writing in a Second Language and Multilingual Context
		The Role of Translanguaging in Language Learning
		The Importance of Student Agency in Language Learning
		Promoting Student Agency in the Writing Class Through Translanguaging
	The Study
		Design
		Participants
		Data Gathering and Ethical Considerations
	Results and Discussion
		Languages Used by the Participants in Pre-writing Activities
		Translanguaging in Writing as Shifting of Codes and Modes
		Participants’ Reasons for Translanguaging
		Enacting Student Agency Through Translanguaging
	Conclusion
	References
5 Translanguaging in Transgressive Schoolscapes in the Philippines
	Introduction
		University Spacings and Transgressive Schoolscaping
		Transgression, Spatial Narration, and Translanguaging
		Translanguaging and Transgressive Positionalities and Subjectivities
		The University as an Anti-Graffiti Regime
	Conclusion: Translanguaging, Education, and Social Justice
	References
Part II Other Public Spaces
6 Translanguaging in Local Language-Medium News Broadcasts in Southern Philippines
	Introduction
		Languages and Mass Media in the Philippines
		Translanguaging in Mass Media in Multilingual Settings
	This Study
		Design and Objectives
		Setting
		Data Collection, Analysis, and Ethical Considerations
	Results and Discussion
		Translanguaging to Provide Chabacano with Names for Foreign Matters
		Translanguaging to Make News Delivery More Efficient
		Translanguaging to Make News More Accessible
	Conclusion
	References
7 Translanguaging in the Zamboangueño Multilingual Context: Maintaining Objectivity in Radio Broadcast News Interviews
	Introduction
		The Sociolinguistic Situation of Zamboangueño Chabacano
		Multilingualism and Translanguaging
		Neutrality and Adversarialness in Broadcast Talk
	Frameworks
	This Study
		Research Design
		Research Data and Setting
		Data Gathering and Ethical Considerations
	Results and Discussion
		Footing Shifts to Maintain Neutrality
		Adversarial Stance
		Maintaining Objectivity
		Translanguaged Broadcast Talk
	Conclusion
	Appendix: Transcription System
	References
8 Translanguaging in Linguistic Landscapes of Philippine Regional Trial Courts: A Qualitative Inquiry
	Introduction
		Research Directions in Translanguaging
		The Challenge of English and Legal Discourse in the Philippines
		Translanguaging and Linguistic Landscapes
	Method
		Setting
		Data Collection and Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		Overview of RTC Signs
		Translanguaging and Communicative Functions
	Conclusion
	References
9 The Role of Local Languages in Public Spaces: Investigating the Functions of Translanguaging in Homilies
	Introduction
		Translanguaging: Origins and Context
		Homilies as a Discourse
		Multilingualism in Homilies
	This Study
		Design and Setting
		Participant and Instruments
		Data Gathering and Ethical Considerations
		Data Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		Translanguaging Instances from Homily
	Summary
	Conclusion
	References
Part III Translanguaging and Promoting Linguistic Human Rights
10 Foregrounding the Ordinariness of Translingualism in Philippine Education: Towards Equitable Assessment for Multilingual Learners
	Introduction
	Suppressing Linguistic Diversity: Coloniality of English and Filipino
	Defining Multilingualism and Translanguaging
	The Ordinariness of Translanguaging in Philippine Classrooms
	Moving Towards Equitable Assessment for Multilingual Learners
		Normalizing Translanguaging and Translanguaging as Epistemology
		Key Features in Developing Equitable Curriculum and Assessment
	Conclusion
	References
11 Investing in Translanguaging Practices and Claiming the Right to Speak
	Introduction
	Investment and Translanguaging
	Inequality and the Legitimate Speaker
		Case Study
		Identity, Agency and Legitimacy
	Translanguaging as Resistance
		The Play
		The Video
	Claiming the Right to Speak
	References
12 Translanguaging in Multilingual Local and Global Spaces: Summary and Conclusion
	Introduction
	Translanguaging in Today’s Academic Sphere
	Translanguaging in the World’s Various Public Spaces
	Conclusion
	References