Transition Towards Gender Equality: Namibia Between the Empowerment of Women and Violence of Men

Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations
Foreword
1 - Introduction
	Outline
	Personal note
	1.1 Conceptualisations of gender and violence
		1.1.1 Constructions of gender
		1.1.2 Constructions of violence
	1.2 Current state of research on gender and violence against women in Namibia
	1.3 Field research on gender and violence: methodologies, challenges and responses
	1.4 Research site of small town Outjo76: unequal living realities
2 - Gender and violence in Namibia before Independence
	2.1 German colonial era: African and European gender concepts, Christianisation and establishing a system of violence
	2.2 South African colonial era: continuation and expansion of a violent system
		2.2.1 Living in and around Outjo in a violent system: gender, skin colour and inter-generational relations
		2.2.2 Resistance against South African occupation, Liberation War, and exile
		2.2.3 Women’s activism against the double oppression of South African and male domination
	2.3 Summary
3 - Aspirations towards equality and challenges since Independence
	3.1 Constitution-making and political awareness of women’s situation
	3.2 National Gender Policies, campaigns and new legislation to eliminate discrimination against women and to enforce gender equality
	3.3 Violence against women: interventions and challenges
	3.4 Summary
4 - Uncertainties in times of change
	4.1 Poverty, economic inequality and their ramifications
	4.2 Feeling unsafe: fears, mistrust, and palliating a difficult past
	4.3 “Problems with the youth” – inter-generational relations in transition and normalisation of violence
	4.4 Summary
5 Changing and ambiguous gender constructions
	5.1 Changes in static gender perceptions
	5.2 Gender relations and challenges in heterosexual intimate relationships
	5.3 Summary
6 - Lack of respect? – Perspectives of males
	6.1 Masculinity constructions and relations with women: dominance and emerging alternatives
	6.2 Males and violence
		6.2.1 Legitimations and rationale regarding violent behaviour of males
		6.2.2 Change in perspective: males experiencing violence by other males and by females
		6.2.3 Male reactions to violence perpetrated by men against women
	6.3 Summary
7 - Women’s empowerment? – Perspectives of females
	7.1 Femininity constructions and relations with men: subordination and emerging alternatives
	7.2 Females and violence
		7.2.1 Perceptions of contributory factors to male violence against women
		7.2.2 Change in perspective: females behaving violently
	7.3 Summary
8 - Males violate females: violated equality
	8.1 Intimidated and misunderstood: females’ narratives of violence
		8.1.1 Rape – a question of definition?
		8.1.2 Violence in intimate relationships
	8.2 Attitudes towards violated females: victim blaming, hierarchies of rape and normalisation of violence against women
	8.3 Effects of violence against females in the intimate sphere
	8.4 Summary
9 - Conclusions: Gender (in-)equality struggles
	9.1 Research results and interpretations
	9.2 Future perspectives
Epilogue
References
Transcription symbols
Overview of research participants
Index
Back cover