Transforming Bangladesh: Geography, People, Economy and Environment (World Regional Geography Book Series)

Acknowledgement
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Geographic Transformations
	1: Bangladesh in Transformation: Geography, People, Economy, and Environment
		1.1	 Context
		1.2	 Processes of Transformation
		1.3	 Consequences of Transformation
		1.4	 Addressing Strategies
		1.5	 Book Structure
		References
	2: The Thirsty Pleistocene Landscape and Challenges for Water Resource Management Plan
		2.1	 Introduction
		2.2	 Geography and Geology
		2.3	 Challenges of Water Resource Management Plan
			2.3.1	 Rainfall Climatology
			2.3.2	 Drought Effect
			2.3.3	 Groundwater Table (GWT) Scenario
		2.4	 Factors Influencing Stress on Groundwater Resource
			2.4.1	 Rainfall Vs. Depth of GWT
			2.4.2	 Effect of Drought on GWT
			2.4.3	 Cultivated Land, Irrigated Area and Crop Production
		2.5	 Conclusion
		References
	3: Land Use Transformation in Active Delta
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Study Area
		3.3	 General Land Use Transformation
		3.4	 Changes in Agriculture
		3.5	 Expansion of Shrimp Farming on Cropped Lands
		3.6	 Increase in Soil Salinity
		3.7	 Physical Dynamics and Impact on Economic System
		3.8	 Conclusion
		References
	4: Bangladesh Delta Plan: Anatomy of a Long-Term Development Strategy
		4.1	 Introduction
		4.2	 Challenges of the Bangladesh Delta
			4.2.1	 Climate Change
			4.2.2	 Floods
			4.2.3	 Drought
			4.2.4	 River Bank Erosion
			4.2.5	 Sea-Level Rise and Salinity Intrusion
			4.2.6	 Cyclones and Storm Surges
		4.3	 Vision, Mission and Goals of the Delta Plan
			4.3.1	 Vision
			4.3.2	 Mission
			4.3.3	 Goals at National Level
			4.3.4	 Delta Specific Goals (BDP 2100)
		4.4	 Natural Hazards Hotspots and Strategies Under BDP 2100
		4.5	 Financial Arrangement for Combating Climate Change, Water Resource Management and Environmental Sustainability
		4.6	 Areas Unexplored in the Delta Plan: Scopes for Improvement
		4.7	 Conclusion
		References
	5: Urbanisation in Bangladesh: Geographically Limited and Socially Divided
		5.1	 Introduction
		5.2	 Urban Population Growth in Bangladesh
		5.3	 Unbalanced Urbanisation: Geographical Restriction
		5.4	 Urbanisation: Deepening Social Division
		5.5	 Conclusion
		References
	6: Shrimp Farming and the Question of Land and Social Environment
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 History of Shrimp Farming
		6.3	 Economic Trend in Shrimp Farming
		6.4	 Socio-economic and Environmental Factors in Bangladesh Shrimp Production
		6.5	 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Economic Transformations
	7: Inland, Coastal, and Offshore Fishery Resources: Solution for Mass Protein in Bangladesh
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 Review on Aquaculture Status and Trends in Asia-Pacific Region
		7.3	 Inland Aquaculture Status and Trends in Bangladesh
			7.3.1	 Water Resources Potentials and Ecosystem Diversity
			7.3.2	 Trends in Fish and Aquaculture Production by Volume
			7.3.3	 Group and Species-Wise Contribution to Total Fish Production
			7.3.4	 Aquaculture and Fisheries Management Technology Innovation, Packaging, Dissemination and Their Impact on Fish Production
		7.4	 Opportunities for Marine Aquaculture Development
			7.4.1	 Potential Species for Marine Aquaculture
			7.4.2	 Essential Requirements and Challenges of Marine Aquaculture
			7.4.3	 Ensure Suitable Site Selection for Mariculture
			7.4.4	 Secure Marine Fish and Shellfish Seed Production and Supply by Establishing Hatcheries
			7.4.5	 Design and Build Mariculture Farming Infrastructure and Facilities
			7.4.6	 Ensure Domestication of Mariculture Species
			7.4.7	 Ensure Production and Availability of High-quality Feeds
			7.4.8	 Secure and Promote Investment in Mariculture
			7.4.9	 Build Public Understanding and Support for Mariculture
			7.4.10	 Develop Mariculture Markets and Products
			7.4.11	 Build Public Institution(s) for Mariculture Research and Technical Education
		7.5	 The Way Forward
		References
	8: Commercial Fisheries and Aquaculture Shrimp in Bangladesh: Production, Export, and Local Supply Chain
		8.1	 Introduction
		8.2	 Overview of the Fisheries Sector in Bangladesh
			8.2.1	 Water Area and Types of Fisheries
			8.2.2	 Production and Yield
			8.2.3	 Income and Employment
			8.2.4	 Institutional Arrangements and Policies
		8.3	 Critical Research on Aquaculture in Bangladesh
		8.4	 Private Regulations Governing Aquaculture
		8.5	 Aquaculture Commodity Chain
		8.6	 Conclusion
		References
	9: Recent Trend of Foreign Trade of Bangladesh: Opportunities, Challenges, and Issues Forward
		9.1	 Introduction
		9.2	 Composition and Performance of Exports of Bangladesh
			9.2.1	 Export and Export Growth
			9.2.2	 Export Basket Diversification
			9.2.3	 Contribution of Readymade Garments in Export
			9.2.4	 Export Market Diversification
			9.2.5	 Export, Import, and the Trade Balance
		9.3	 Major Issues, Opportunities, and Policy Options
			9.3.1	 BREXIT and Bangladesh Trade
			9.3.2	 Free Trade Agreement: Opportunities and Challenges
			9.3.3	 Revision of Trade Policies of Bangladesh
				9.3.3.1	 Revision of Tariff
				9.3.3.2	 Improving Governance in Trade-Related Issues
				9.3.3.3	 Coordination of Macroeconomic Policies
				9.3.3.4	 Diversification of Export Basket and Export Market
				9.3.3.5	 Improving Port and Transport Facilities
				9.3.3.6	 Focusing on Trade Diplomacy
		9.4	 Summary and Conclusion
		References
	10: Foreign Remittance and Its Effect on the Economy
		10.1	 Introduction
		10.2	 Literature Review
		10.3	 Recent Trends
		10.4	 Conclusion and Policy Implications
		References
	11: Garment Industries: Its Impact on Economic Growth and Prevailing Challenges Towards Sustainability
		11.1	 The Entrance of Bangladesh to the Global Production Network of Garments
		11.2	 The Initiation of the Bangladeshi Garment Industry and Its Impact on Economic Growth
		11.3	 The Quest to a Sustainable Supply Chain
		11.4	 Prevailing Challenges to Change Towards a Sustainable Production in the Bangladeshi Garment
		11.5	 Conclusion
		References
	12: International Trade: Patterns and Prospects
		12.1	 Trends in Exports and Imports
		12.2	 What Do We Export?
		12.3	 What Do We Import?
		12.4	 Looking to the Future
			12.4.1	 Export Diversification
			12.4.2	 Automation
			12.4.3	 Regional Cooperation
		12.5	 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Environmental Transformations
	13: Bangladesh Under Possible Climate Change Threat
		13.1	 Bangladesh Under Possible Climate Change Threat
			13.1.1	 Land Use
			13.1.2	 Agricultural Productive Systems
			13.1.3	 Agriculture and Climate Change
				13.1.3.1	 Potential Economic Impacts of Climate Change
			13.1.4	 Development of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies and Practices
		13.2	 Production System: Transplanted Monsoon Rice (T.aman)
		13.3	 Production System: Boro Winter Rice
		13.4	 Production Systems: Aus Rice
		13.5	 Production System: Jute
		13.6	 Production System: Spice Crops
		13.7	 Production System: Oilseed Crop
		13.8	 Other Potential Effects of Climate Change Besides Agriculture
		13.9	 Conclusions
		References
	14: Role of Adaptation Governance of Bangladesh in Global Climate Change Discourse
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Role of Bangladesh in Influencing and Shaping the Global Climate Change Discourse
			14.2.1	 Global Leader in Experiential Knowledge on Adaptation
			14.2.2	 Contribution of Research Community in Knowledge Creation and Negotiations
			14.2.3	 Climate Resilient Development Planning
			14.2.4	 Financing Mechanism to Support Climate Change Adaptation and Climate Budgeting
			14.2.5	 Building Long-term Capacity to Tackle Climate Change
			14.2.6	 Approaches to Address Loss and Damage
		14.3	 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Transformation Relating to People and Society
	15: Livelihood of Coastal Community in Bangladesh: Options, Changes and Alternatives
		15.1	 Background
		15.2	 Livelihood Options and Recent Changes
			15.2.1	 Fishing
			15.2.2	 Farming
			15.2.3	 Fruit and Wood Tree
		15.3	 Alternative Livelihoods
			15.3.1	 Saline-water-resistant Rice Varieties
			15.3.2	 Farming Alternative Crops
			15.3.3	 Increase the Number of Fruit and Timber Trees
			15.3.4	 Creating New Job Options
		15.4	 Stakeholders’ Role for Securing Livelihood
			15.4.1	 Role of Government
			15.4.2	 Role of Law-enforcing Agents
			15.4.3	 Role of NGOs
			15.4.4	 Role of Local Government
		15.5	 Conclusion
		References
	16: Environmental Governance of the Municipalities in Bangladesh: Policies, Actions, and Challenges
		16.1	 Introduction
		16.2	 Materials and Methods
		16.3	 Results and Discussions
			16.3.1	 Impact of Development Works on the Environment
			16.3.2	 Waste Management System and Its Impacts on the Environment
			16.3.3	 Defining the Problem of Municipal Environmental Governance
			16.3.4	 Functionality of Environmental Committees of Municipality
		16.4	 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	17: Gender Disparity in Drought-Prone Areas in Bangladesh
		17.1	 Introduction
		17.2	 Study Area
		17.3	 Methodology
		17.4	 Study Findings
			17.4.1	 Daily Activities
			17.4.2	 Mobility Pattern
			17.4.3	 Social Recognition and Respect
			17.4.4	 Household Water Management and Water Crisis
			17.4.5	 Inequality in Job Sector
		17.5	 Conclusion
		References
	18: Women and Microcredit in Bangladesh
		18.1	 Introduction
		18.2	 Microcredit: A Conceptual Framework
		18.3	 Poverty, Women’s Empowerment, and Microcredit
		18.4	 Microcredit Facilitating Women’s Empowerment: Empirical Evidences
			18.4.1	 Expanding Mobility Out of Home
			18.4.2	 Enabling Financial Services
			18.4.3	 Generating Income
			18.4.4	 Employment for Women
			18.4.5	 Human and Social Capital
			18.4.6	 Strengthening Position Within Family
			18.4.7	 Self-Esteem
			18.4.8	 Political Position
			18.4.9	 Social Position
			18.4.10	 Health and Education
			18.4.11	 Decision-Making
			18.4.12	 Eradicate Poverty
			18.4.13	 Health Behavior and Hygiene
			18.4.14	 Improving Relationships
		18.5	 Challenges and Caveats of Microcredit
			18.5.1	 Limited Effect on Poverty Reduction
			18.5.2	 Loan Trap
			18.5.3	 No Control Over Loan
			18.5.4	 Misuse of Credit by Borrowers
			18.5.5	 Lack of Proper Training and Education
			18.5.6	 High-Interest Rates
			18.5.7	 Excluding the Hardcore Poor
			18.5.8	 Increasing Domestic Violence
			18.5.9	 Increasing Dependency
		18.6	 Conclusion
		References
Index