Transcription Factors for Biotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Targeted Genome-Editing Techniques in Plant Defense Regulation
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Homing Endonucleases or Meganucleases
		1.2.1 Zinc-Finger Nucleases
		1.2.2 Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)
	1.3 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9
	1.4 Gene-Editing Tools: Comprehensive Strengths and Limitations
		1.4.1 Simplicity (Ease of Designing)
		1.4.2 Efficiency
		1.4.3 Multiplexing
		1.4.4 Off-Site Effects
		1.4.5 Mosaicism
		1.4.6 Delivery
		1.4.7 Multiple Alleles
	1.5 Plant Defence and Genome Editing
	1.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 2: Synthetic Promoters in Regulating Disease Gene Expression
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The Chemistry (Fundamental Structure) of Gene Regulation
	2.3 Construction of a Biotic Stress-Inducible Synthetic Promoter
	2.4 Role of Synthetic Promoter and TFs for Gene Regulation
	2.5 The Presence of CREs (Cis-Regulatory Elements) Inducing Strength and Effectiveness
	2.6 Plant Defense Mechanism Under Biotic Stress
	2.7 Plant Defense Genes and Their Functions
	2.8 Synthetic Promoter as a Powerful Tool for Plants
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Transcription Factors Associated with Defense Response Against Fungal Biotrophs
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Role of TF Defense Response in Powdery Mildew and Rust
	3.3 Role of TF Defense Response in Smut
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Transcription Factors Associated with Defense Response Against Fungal Necrotrophs
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Transcription Factors and Their Role in Fungal Stress Signaling
		4.2.1 Role of WRKY Transcription Factor
		4.2.2 Role of AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Family
		4.2.3 Role of NAC Transcription Factors
		4.2.4 Role of bZIP Transcription Factor
		4.2.5 Role of MYB Transcription Factor
		4.2.6 Role of bHLH (Basic Helix–Loop–Helix) Transcription Factors
		4.2.7 Role of Other Transcription Factors
	4.3 Role of Transcription Factors in the Regulation of Plant Hormone Signaling in Response to Fungal Necrotrophs
		4.3.1 Transcription Factors Involved in JA Signaling
		4.3.2 The Ethylene Cascade
	4.4 The JA and ET Pathways
	4.5 Transcription Factors of Fungal Necrotrophs and Their Role in Virulence and Pathogenicity
	4.6 Postulated Transcription Factors in Necrotroph
	4.7 Gene Expression Reprogramming Facilitated by TFs
	4.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Role of Plant Transcription Factors in Virus Stress
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Plant Virus and Virus-Like Pathogens
	5.3 AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Family
		5.3.1 Classification and Constitution AP2/ERF Family
		5.3.2 Functional Characterization of AP2/ERF Family in Viral Defense Response
	5.4 bZIP Transcription Factor Family
		5.4.1 Classification and Constitution of bZIP Family
		5.4.2 Functional Characterization of bZIP Family in Viral Defense Response
	5.5 MYB Transcription Factor Family
		5.5.1 Classification and Constitution of MYB Family
		5.5.2 Functional Characterization of MYB Family in Viral Defense Response
	5.6 NAC Transcription Factor Family
		5.6.1 Classification and Constitution of NAC Family
		5.6.2 Functional Characterization of NAC Family in Viral Defense Response
	5.7 WRKY Transcription Factor Family
		5.7.1 Classification and Constitution of the WRKY Family
		5.7.2 Functional Characterization of the WRKY Family in Viral Defense Response
	5.8 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 6: Role of Microbial Bioagents as Elicitors in Plant Defense Regulation
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Elicitors
		6.2.1 Microbial Agents as a Source of Elicitors
		6.2.2 Some Potent Elicitor-Producing Microbial Agents
			6.2.2.1 Fungi
			6.2.2.2 Bacteria
			6.2.2.3 Oomycetes
			6.2.2.4 Virus
		6.2.3 Mode of Action by Which Microbial Bioagents Bring About Plant Defense
			6.2.3.1 Antagonisms
			6.2.3.2 Parasitism
			6.2.3.3 Competition
			6.2.3.4 Production of Antimicrobial Compounds
			6.2.3.5 Antibiotics
			6.2.3.6 Siderophores
			6.2.3.7 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
			6.2.3.8 Lytic Enzymes
	6.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Transcriptional Factors’ Response Under Biotic Stress in Wheat
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Genetic Control of Disease Resilience
	7.3 Transcription Factors
		7.3.1 NAC Transcription Factors
		7.3.2 MYB Transcription Factors
		7.3.3 bZIP Transcription Factors
		7.3.4 WRKY Transcription Factors
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Potential Transcription Factors for Biotic Stress Tolerance in Sugarcane
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Plant TFs’ Regulatory Mechanisms Concerning Biotic Stresses
	8.3 WRKY Transcription Factors
		8.3.1 WRKY Genes Family: Classes and Diversity
			8.3.1.1 Role and Expression Pattern of the WRKY Genes in Response to Biotic Stresses
		8.3.2 NAC Transcription Factors
			8.3.2.1 NAC Gene Family: Classes and Diversity
			8.3.2.2 Role and Expression Pattern of the NAC TFs in Response to Biotic Stresses
		8.3.3 MYB Transcription Factors
			8.3.3.1 MYB Gene Family: Classes and Diversity
			8.3.3.2 Role and Expression Pattern of the MYB TFs in Response to Biotic Stresses
		8.3.4 AP2/ERF Transcription Factors
			8.3.4.1 AP2/ERF Gene Family: Classes and Diversity
			8.3.4.2 Role and Expression Pattern of the AP2/ERF TFs in Response to Biotic Stresses
		8.3.5 bZIP Transcription Factors
			8.3.5.1 bZIP Gene Family: Classes and Diversity
			8.3.5.2 Role and Expression Pattern of bZIP TFs in Response to Biotic Stresses
	8.4 Genome Editing Tools in Modulating TFs for Biotic Stress Tolerance
	8.5 Sugarcane Response to Biotic Stresses: Transcriptomics Research
	8.6 Fungal Infections
	8.7 Bacterial Diseases
	8.8 Viral Diseases
	8.9 TFs’ Ductility and Flexibility in Carrying Out Their Roles
	8.10 Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 9: The Role of Transcription Factors in Response to Biotic Stresses in Maize
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Structures of Plant Transcription Factors
	9.3 Functions of Plant Transcription Factors
	9.4 Plant Transcription Factors and Their Organisation into Family
		9.4.1 Heat Shock Factor (HSF) Family
		9.4.2 MYB Family
		9.4.3 MADS Family
		9.4.4 bHLH Family
		9.4.5 AP2-EREBP and GLK (G2-Like) Family
	9.5 Maize TFs for Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
	9.6 Engineering of Maize Transcription Factors
	9.7 Current Scenario and Post-Genomics Approaches for Maize TFs
	9.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: The Role of Transcription Factors in Response to Biotic Stresses in Pearl Millet
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Biotic Constraints
		10.2.1 Downy Mildew
		10.2.2 Blast
		10.2.3 Rust
		10.2.4 Ergot
		10.2.5 Smut
		10.2.6 Other Diseases
	10.3 The Role of Plant Transcription Factors in Response to Biotic Stresses
		10.3.1 WRKY TFs
		10.3.2 NAC TFs
		10.3.3 Myb TFs
		10.3.4 AP2/ERF TFs
		10.3.5 bZIP TFs
	10.4 Regulatory Role of Transcription Factors Associated with Biotic Stress
	10.5 Transcription Factor: A Molecular Player in the Hormonal Cross-Talk Under Biotic Stress
	10.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 11: The Role of Transcription Factors in Response to Biotic Stresses in Tomato
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Plant Immunity Against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
	11.3 Tomato Resistance to Pathogens/Pathogen Resistance of Tomato
	11.4 Biotic Stress-Related WRKYs Available for Tomato
	11.5 R-Gene-Mediated Defense Pathways Toward Resistance
	11.6 WRKYs in Cross-Talk Between Abiotic and Biotic Stress Resistances in Tomato
	11.7 ERF Genes in Tomato and Their Response Under Stress Conditions
	11.8 Breeding Tomato with Tolerance to Combined Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
		11.8.1 Exploring Genes Controlling Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Tomato
		11.8.2 Maintaining Stability of the Resistance of Tomato Against Biotic and Abiotic Stress
		11.8.3 Gene Pyramiding for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Resistance in Tomato
	11.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: The Role of Transcription Factors in Response to Biotic Stresses in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Transcription Factors’ Common Way of Action in Biotic Stress
	12.3 Transcription Factors Involvement Against Fungal and Oomycete Pathogens in Potato
	12.4 Response of Potato Transcription Factors Against Virus and Bacterial Pathogen
	12.5 The Role of Transcription Factor Against Wound and Insect
	12.6 The Role of Jasmonic Acid, Salicylic Acid and Other Priming Agents on Potato TFs
	12.7 Post-Translational Regulation of Transcription Factors Under Potato Biotic Stress
	12.8 Conclusion
	References