Transboundary Harm in International Law: Lessons from the Trail Smelter Arbitration

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 19
Foreword......Page 21
PERSPECTIVE......Page 27
PART ONE: HISTORY AND LEGACY OF THE TRAIL SMELTER  ARBITRATION......Page 28
PART TWO: TRAIL SMELTER AND CONTEMPORARY TRANSBOUNDARY HARM......Page 30
PART THREE: TRAIL SMELTER AND TRANSBOUNDARY HARM BEYOND THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 33
RÉSUMÉ: TRAIL SMELTER AS MECHANISM FOR CONCEPTUALIZING TRANSBOUNDARY HARM......Page 35
PART ONE The Trail Smelter Arbitration - History, Legacy, and Revival......Page 37
SMOKE EATERS......Page 39
SMOKE AND MIRRORS......Page 42
SMOKE ZONES......Page 44
THE SMOKING GUN......Page 48
2 The Trail Smelter Dispute [Abridged]......Page 53
PARADOXES......Page 60
PRECEDENT......Page 61
DAMAGE......Page 64
THE RULE......Page 65
THE PROGENY......Page 67
CONCLUSION......Page 71
4 Pollution by Analogy: The Trail Smelter Arbitration [Abridged]......Page 72
The Answer......Page 73
The Analogy in Theory......Page 76
The “Just” Solution......Page 77
The Results......Page 78
CONCLUSION......Page 80
INTRODUCTION......Page 82
BACKGROUND: THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION......Page 83
A REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULTIES – STATE RESPONSIBILITY......Page 85
Equitable Balancing of Interests......Page 87
CONCLUSIONS: CONTRIBUTIONS OF TRAIL SMELTER......Page 90
INTRODUCTION......Page 92
TRAIL SMELTER AS AN ATTEMPT TO ADDRESS PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL HARM......Page 93
THE FLAWS OF THE TRAIL SMELTER PROCEDURE......Page 95
The Wrong Tribunal......Page 96
The Wrong Parties......Page 97
The Wrong Law......Page 99
THE ROAD AWAY FROMTRAIL SMELTER......Page 101
7 Rereading Trail Smelter......Page 105
INTRODUCTION......Page 111
OVERVIEW OF THE DRAFT ARTICLES ON STATE RESPONSIBILITY......Page 114
TRAIL SMELTER AND THE DRAFT ARTICLES ON STATE RESPONSIBILITY......Page 116
Special Measures to Guarantee Nonrepetition......Page 117
Compensation for Reduction in Property Value......Page 118
TRAIL SMELTER, STATE RESPONSIBILITY, AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW......Page 119
TRAIL SMELTER AND THE COLLATERAL TOPIC OF STATE LIABILITY......Page 121
CONCLUSION......Page 124
INTRODUCTION......Page 125
DERIVATIVE LIABILITY EXPLAINED......Page 126
DIRECT LIABILITY EXPLAINED......Page 128
EXPLORING CANADA’S DERIVATIVE LIABILITY IN THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION......Page 129
EXPLORING CANADA’S DIRECT LIABILITY IN THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION......Page 131
CONCLUSION......Page 133
INTRODUCTION......Page 135
The Trail Smelter Arbitration of 1938 and 1941......Page 137
The Contemporary Dispute over the Trail Smelter......Page 139
CONFLUENCE: EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION......Page 142
CONCLUSION......Page 146
PART TWO Trail Smelter and Contemporary Transboundary Harm - The Environment......Page 149
INTRODUCTION......Page 151
The Trail Smelter Dictum as a Principle of Customary International Law......Page 152
The Utility of the Trail Smelter Threshold......Page 155
TRAIL SMELTER AND THE MANAGEMENT OF SIGNIFICANT TRANSBOUNDARY NUCLEAR RISKS......Page 158
CONCLUSION......Page 165
THE DANUBE DAM CASE......Page 166
THE EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND RELATED CONCEPTS......Page 169
Sustainable Development in International Law......Page 170
Basic Framework of an Environmental Impact Assessment......Page 172
International Support for an Environmental Impact Assessment......Page 173
Environmental Monitoring to Ensure Future Sustainability......Page 174
Sustainable Development in the Trail Smelter Arbitration......Page 175
Environmental Impact Assessment and Continued Monitoring in Trail Smelter......Page 176
CONCLUSION......Page 178
INTRODUCTION......Page 179
THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE......Page 180
TRAIL SMELTER’S (SEMI) PRECAUTIONARY LEGACY......Page 183
GMOs as an Example of the Precautionary/Quantitative Divide......Page 185
International Decision Making, Precaution, and GMOs......Page 186
Regulating GMOs through a (Semi) Precautionary Lens......Page 188
CONCLUSION......Page 191
INTRODUCTION......Page 193
NONSTATE ACTORS......Page 194
DYNAMIC REGIMES......Page 200
CONCLUSION......Page 206
INTRODUCTION......Page 207
BACKGROUND: THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION AND PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY......Page 209
The Problem: The Hazardous Waste Challenge......Page 212
The International Law: From Cairo to Basel......Page 215
Beyond Basel: The Basel Ban and Liability Protocol......Page 216
TRACES OFTHE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION IN THE BASEL CONVENTION......Page 217
CONCLUSION......Page 219
INTRODUCTION......Page 221
BILATERAL CHARACTER OF THE DISPUTE......Page 223
RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION......Page 225
PROCEDURAL DIFFICULTIES IN ADJUDICATING A MULTIPARTY PROBLEM......Page 228
RECOVERABLE CATEGORIES OF LOSS......Page 230
A REGULATORY REGIME?......Page 232
CONCLUSION......Page 234
INTRODUCTION......Page 235
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW......Page 236
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION......Page 240
TRAIL SMELTER WITHIN THE LAW OF THE SEA......Page 242
CONCLUSION......Page 247
PART THREE Trail Smelter and Contemporary Transboundary Harm - Beyond the Environment......Page 249
INTRODUCTION......Page 251
Responsibility Versus Liability......Page 253
The Content of Due Diligence Obligations in Environmental Law......Page 254
INTERNATIONAL LAW ON TERRORISM......Page 257
Due Diligence in the Context of Terrorism......Page 258
State Control......Page 262
CONCLUSION......Page 264
INTRODUCTION......Page 266
PUBLIC VERSUS PRIVATE ORDERING: WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE DON’T KNOW ABOUT REGULATORY LAW......Page 269
Legacies and Legends of Trail Smelter in International Environmental Law......Page 270
REGULATION AND DISPERSED KNOWLEDGE......Page 271
THE OTHER SIDE OF TRAIL SMELTER:TRACING NARRATIVES OF CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITIES......Page 274
What’s in a Firm? Unfolding the Conundrum of State Responsibility......Page 276
Postheroic Management......Page 277
INTRODUCTION......Page 280
THE TRAIL SMELTER PRINCIPLE......Page 281
REFUGEE LAW AND CURRENT FLOWS ACROSS INTERNATIONAL BORDERS......Page 283
APPLYING TRAIL SMELTER TO CREATION OF REFUGEES......Page 284
Imputing Acts Creating Refugees to States under Trail Smelter......Page 285
Harm to the Nonrefouling Host State......Page 286
The Impenetrable Problem of Measuring Damages......Page 287
Unintended Consequences of Applying Trail Smelter to the Refugee Context and Potential Solutions......Page 290
CONCLUSION......Page 291
INTRODUCTION......Page 294
THE YAHOO! CASE......Page 295
INTERNET JURISDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 297
INTERNET JURISDICTION FOR TORTS IN GERMANY......Page 299
THE SOLUTION: AN INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON INTERNET JURISDICTION......Page 303
WHY PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW FAILED IN TRAIL SMELTER......Page 305
LEGAL THEORY AND THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION......Page 307
LATIN AMERICAN DRUG TRAFFICKING – FRAMING  AND LEGAL THEORY......Page 309
COSTS OF LATIN AMERICAN DRUG TRAFFICKING......Page 310
Costs in Consumer States......Page 311
Costs in Producer States......Page 312
TRAIL SMELTER CLAIMS UNLIKELY......Page 313
Distribution Chain Causality......Page 316
IMPLICATIONS......Page 317
Home/Host Variations......Page 318
CONCLUSION......Page 319
INTRODUCTION......Page 321
JURISDICTION UNDER THE ECHR......Page 322
The Bankovic Case......Page 324
Extraterritorial Acts and the Abuse of Rights......Page 326
The Legality of the State’s Extraterritorial Act under General International Law......Page 327
Authority and Control......Page 328
Presumption of Control over the Persons and Objects in Occupied Territory......Page 329
Control through Intentional State Acts that Directly Affect Persons......Page 330
CONCLUSION......Page 332
ANNEX A Convention Between the United States of America and the Dominion of Canada Relative to the Establishment of a Tribunal to Decide Questions of Indeminty and Future Regime Arising from the Operation of Smelter at Trial, British Columbia......Page 335
ARTICLE III......Page 336
ARTICLE VI......Page 337
ARTICLE XI......Page 338
ARTICLE XIV......Page 339
ANNEX B Trail Smelter ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL DECISION, April 16, 1938......Page 340
PART TWO......Page 345
PART FOUR......Page 350
ANNEX C Trail Smelter Arbitral Tribunal March 11, 1941, Decision......Page 352
II (a)......Page 353
PART THREE......Page 354
(i)......Page 358
(j)......Page 359
PART FIVE......Page 360
PART SIX......Page 361
Index......Page 363