Trafficking of Human Beings from a Human Rights Perspective (International Studies in Human Rights)

Table of Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 10
Table of Cases......Page 12
Table of Treaties and other International Instruments......Page 16
Background......Page 20
Research Design......Page 24
Structure......Page 25
1.1 Introduction......Page 28
1.2 Historical Background......Page 29
1.3 Early Views on Trafficking......Page 32
1.4.1 Preliminary Consideration......Page 37
1.4.2.1 Illegal Migration......Page 41
1.4.2.2 Coercion and Lack of Consent......Page 44
1.4.3 Trafficking and Gender......Page 46
1.4.4 Trafficking and Organised Crime......Page 48
1.4.5 Trafficking and Human Rights......Page 51
1.5 Conclusion......Page 56
2.2.1 Statistical Overview......Page 58
2.2.2 Major Causes of Trafficking......Page 61
2.2.3 Profile of Traffickers......Page 65
2.3.1 National Laws and Policies......Page 66
2.3.2.1 Relevant Agencies and Statistical Information......Page 71
2.3.2.2 Analysis of Law Enforcement......Page 72
2.3.3 Victim Protection Measures......Page 75
2.3.4 NGOs Working on Trafficking in Thailand......Page 78
2.4.1 National Laws and Policies......Page 79
2.4.2.1 Relevant Agencies and Statistical Information......Page 81
2.4.2.2 Analysis of Law Enforcement......Page 82
2.4.3 Victim Protection Measures......Page 84
2.4.4 NGOs Working on Trafficking in Poland......Page 86
2.5.1 National Laws and Policies......Page 87
2.5.2.1 Relevant Agencies and Statistical Information......Page 91
2.5.2.2 Analysis of Law Enforcement......Page 93
2.5.3 Victim Protection Measures......Page 94
2.5.4 NGOs Working on Trafficking in the United Kingdom......Page 96
2.6.1 National Laws and Policies......Page 98
2.6.3 Protection of Victims......Page 99
2.6.4 NGOs......Page 100
2.7 Conclusion......Page 102
3.1 Introduction......Page 104
3.2 European Union (EU)......Page 105
3.2.1 Policies and Programmes under Maastricht Treaty......Page 106
3.2.2 Policies and Programmes under Treaty of Amsterdam......Page 112
3.2.3 Analysis of EU Actions against Trafficking......Page 115
3.2.3.1 Legal Nature of Measures Taken by the EU......Page 116
3.2.3.2 Restrictive Immigration Laws and Policies......Page 118
3.2.3.3 Failure to Protect Victims of Trafficking......Page 119
3.2.4 A Need for a Holistic Approach......Page 120
3.3.1 United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Trafficking (UNIAP)......Page 123
3.3.2 International Organisation for Migration (IOM)......Page 126
3.3.3 International Labour Organisation (ILO)......Page 130
3.3.4 Analysis of UNIAP, IOM and ILO......Page 135
3.4 Conclusion......Page 138
4.1 Introduction......Page 140
4.2.1 Causes of Trafficking......Page 141
4.2.2 Process of Trafficking......Page 143
4.2.3 Consequences of Trafficking......Page 144
4.3.1 Development under International Human Rights Law......Page 146
4.3.2 Indirect Enforcement of Human Rights Norms and Principles: Criminal and Civil Proceedings......Page 150
4.3.3.1 Definition of Crime Against Humanity......Page 152
4.3.3.2 Some Implications for the International Legal System......Page 158
4.4 Conclusion......Page 163
5.1 Introduction......Page 166
5.2.1 Obligation to Prohibit Trafficking of Human Beings and Related Acts......Page 167
5.2.2 Obligation to Investigate, Prosecute and Punish Traffickers......Page 169
5.2.3 Obligation to Protect Victims of Trafficking......Page 172
5.2.4 Obligation to Address the Causes and Consequences of Trafficking......Page 180
5.3 Human Rights Framework and Trafficking Protocol......Page 183
5.4 Interaction among Different Branches of International Law......Page 184
5.5 Towards Global Governance?......Page 188
5.6 Conclusion......Page 190
Conclusion......Page 192
Recommendations......Page 193
Wider Issues and Future Research......Page 195
Annex 1 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime......Page 198
Annex 2 Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime......Page 210
Annex 3 Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking......Page 226
Selected Bibliography......Page 244
Index......Page 256