Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Team-IRA]

Contents
Editorial Board
About the Editors
Foreword by Zhong Nanshan
Foreword by Wang Chen
Foreword by Li Lanjuan
Preface
Chapter 1 General Introduction
	1. An Overview
		1.1 Etiological characteristics
		1.2 Pathogenesis
		1.3 TCM understanding of COVID-19
	2. Epidemiological Characteristics
		2.1 Source of infection
		2.2 Route of transmission
			2.2.1 Respiratory droplet transmission
			2.2.2 Indirect transmission
			2.2.3 Faecal–oral transmission
			2.2.4 Aerosol transmission
			2.2.5 Vertical transmission
		2.3 Susceptible population
		2.4 Incubation and infectious period
		2.5 Demographic characteristics
			2.5.1 Age distribution and sex ratio
			2.5.2 Distribution of the stage of disease
			2.5.3 Mortality rate
			2.5.4 Global or regional distribution
			2.5.5 Epidemic outbreak
			2.5.6 Nucleic acid testing mass screening in Wuhan
		2.6 Correlation and distinction between SARS and COVID-19
	3. Clinical Characteristics
		3.1 Clinical manifestations
		3.2 Laboratory examination
		3.3 Imaging findings
		3.4 Pathological characteristics
			3.4.1 Lung
			3.4.2 Spleen, hilar lymph nodes, and bone marrow
			3.4.3 Heart and blood vessels
			3.4.4 Liver and gallbladder
			3.4.5 Kidney
			3.4.6 Other organs
Chapter 2 Clinical Diagnosis
	1. Diagnostic Criteria and Clinical Classification
		1.1 Diagnostic testing and inspection technology
			1.1.1 Conventional laboratory examination technology
			1.1.2 Etiology and serological detection technology
			1.1.3 Imaging examination method
		1.2 Diagnostic criteria
			1.2.1 Suspected case
			1.2.2 Clinical manifestations
			1.2.3 Confirmed cases
		1.3 Clinical classification
			1.3.1 Clinical classification based on severity of the disease
			1.3.2 Clinical classification of COVID-19 in children
			1.3.3 Classification based on the Clinical Management of COVID-19: Interim Guidance
		1.4 Early warning indicators for severe/critical illnesses
		1.5 Differential diagnosis
		1.6 Diagnostic procedure
	2. Nucleic Acid Testing
		2.1 Testing principle
		2.2 Sample collection
			2.2.1 Collection of upper respiratory tract specimens
			2.2.2 Collection of lower respiratory tract secretions
			2.2.3 Collection of urine and fecal specimens
		2.3 Diagnostic criteria
		2.4 Limitations of nucleic acid test
	3. Serological Testing
		3.1 Testing principle and method
		3.2 Sample collection
		3.3 Diagnostic criteria
		3.4 Interpretation of the joint test results of nucleic acid and serology
			3.4.1 Nucleic acid (+), antibody test (+)/(–)
			3.4.2 Nucleic acid testing (–), antibody test (+)/(–)
		3.5 Limitations of serological testing
	4. Re-positive Patients, Persistent Positive Patients, Asymptomatic Patients, and Reinfected Patients
		4.1 Re-positive COVID-19 patients
		4.2 Persistent positive COVID-19 patients
		4.3 Asymptomatic COVID-19 patients
		4.4 Reinfected COVID-19 patients
Chapter 3 Western Medicine Treatment
	1. Principles of Treatment
		1.1 Determining the treatment site according to the condition
		1.2 Treatment principles of mild and moderate cases
		1.3 Treatment principles of severe and critical cases
		1.4 Treatment principles of special populations
	2. Western Medicine Treatment
		2.1 Supportive treatment
			2.1.1 Respiratory support treatment
				2.1.1.1 General oxygen therapy
				2.1.1.2 High-flow nasal cannula
				2.1.1.3 Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
				2.1.1.4 Prone ventilation
				2.1.1.5 Invasive positive pressure ventilation
				2.1.1.6 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
			2.1.2 Circulatory support treatment
			2.1.3 Nutritional support treatment
		2.2 Antiviral treatment
			2.2.1 Interferon
			2.2.2 Lopinavir and ritonavir
			2.2.3 Ribavirin
			2.2.4 Arbidol
			2.2.5 Chloroquine phosphate
		2.3 Antimicrobial treatment
		2.4 Hormone therapy
		2.5 Intestinal microecologics
		2.6 Convalescent plasma therapy
		2.7 Artificial liver treatment
		2.8 Immunotherapy
			2.8.1 Tocilizumab therapy
			2.8.2 Intravenous infusion of immunoglobulin
		2.9 Continuous renal replacement therapy
		2.10 Notes for medication use for special population
			2.10.1 Pregnant patients
			2.10.2 Newborns
			2.10.3 Children and adolescents
			2.10.4 The elderly
Chapter 4 TCM Treatment
	1. An Overview
		1.1 Basic understanding
		1.2 Etiology
		1.3 Pathogenesis and nature of the disease
		1.4 Syndrome characteristics
		1.5 Treatment principles
		1.6 The dominant role of TCM
	2. TCM Treatment
		2.1 During medical observation
		2.2 During clinical treatment (confirmed cases)
			2.2.1 Mild and moderate cases
			2.2.2 Severe and critical cases
Chapter 5 Complications, Sequelae, and Long-Term Symptoms
	1. Mechanisms of Injury
	2. Relevant Organ and System Injury
		2.1 Immune dysfunction and coagulation disorder
			2.1.1 Syndromes caused by cytokine release
			2.1.2 Coagulation disorder
		2.2 Cardiovascular injury
		2.3 Pulmonary dysfunction
		2.4 Neurosystem influence
		2.5 Liver and kidney function injury
			2.5.1 Liver injury
			2.5.2 Renal injury
		2.6 Reproductive system injury
		2.7 Psychological disorders
		2.8 Special groups
			2.8.1 Pregnant women
			2.8.2 Children
	3. Long-Term Symptoms
	4. Understanding and Effect of TCM on the Complications, Sequelae, and Long-Term COVID
Chapter 6 The Rehabilitation Treatment of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine
	1. An Overview
	2. Management Objectives and Principles
		2.1 Objective of rehabilitation
		2.2 Object and place of rehabilitation
		2.3 Principles of rehabilitation diagnosis and treatment
	3. Rehabilitation Diagnosis and Treatment Procedures and Evaluation
		3.1 Rehabilitation diagnosis and treatment procedures
			3.1.1 Inpatient rehabilitation procedure for COVID-19 patients
			3.1.2 Outpatient rehabilitation procedure for COVID-19 patients
			3.1.3 Home rehabilitation procedure for COVID-19 patients
		3.2 Rehabilitation assessment
			3.2.1 Respiratory function assessment
			3.2.2 Assessment of free-hand cardiopulmonary function
			3.2.3 Assessment of free-hand muscle strength
			3.2.4 Assessment of free-hand flexibility
			3.2.5 Assessment of free-hand balance
			3.2.6 Assessment of psychological function
			3.2.7 Assessment of the ability of daily life activities
			3.2.8 Assessment of quality of life
	4. Rehabilitation Treatment
		4.1 Rehabilitation interventions
			4.1.1 Western medicine interventions
		4.2. TCM rehabilitation
			4.2.1 Rehabilitation treatment of TCM medicinals
			4.2.2 Rehabilitation of TCM physiotherapy
		4.3 Psychological rehabilitation treatment
			4.3.1 Self-psychological regulation
			4.3.2 Professional psychological intervention
			4.3.3 TCM mental therapy
			4.3.4 Home rehabilitation guidance
			4.3.5 Reasonable diet
		4.4 Notes
Chapter 7 Prevention
	1. Lifestyle
		1.1 Pay attention to personal protection and achieve two “less”, two “frequently”, and two “smooth”
		1.2 Maintain a healthy lifestyle and improve resistance
		1.3 Health monitoring and timely medical treatment
	2. Comprehensive Prevention of TCM
		2.1 Acupoint application
		2.2 Acupuncture treatment
		2.3 Auricular therapy
		2.4 Massage and scrapping therapy
		2.5 Traditional health-maintaining method
		2.6 Medicinal diet therapy
		2.7 Mental guidance
	3. The Prevention of Chinese Medicinals
		3.1 Decoction or substitute of tea
		3.2 Prescriptions for external use
	4. Vaccine Development
		4.1 What is a vaccine?
		4.2 Progress in the research and development of COVID-19 vaccines in China
Chapter 8 Diagnosis and Treatment Standards of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in a Makeshift Hospital
	1. An Overview of Makeshift Hospital
	2. Management Principles
	3. Standards for Admission and Pre-examination and Triage of Patients
		3.1 Standards for admission of patients in the makeshift hospital
		3.2 Admission process of the makeshift hospital
		3.3 Pre-examination and triage of the makeshift hospital
	4. Treatment Measures
		4.1 Closely monitor the vital signs and oxygen saturation
		4.2 General treatment
		4.3 Oxygen therapy
		4.4 Drug treatment
			4.4.1 Antiviral therapy
			4.4.2. Antibiotic therapy
			4.4.3. Infusion support treatment
			4.4.4. TCM treatment
		4.5 Management of severe patients
			4.5.1 Treatment measures that should be available in the observation and treatment area for severe patients
			4.5.2 Indications for starting consultation and transferring to severe patient observation and treatment area
			4.5.3 Rescue procedure
	5. Standards and Procedures for Transfer and Discharge
		5.1 Transfer standards for severe patients in the makeshift hospital
		5.2 Transfer procedure of severe patients
		5.3 Discharge standards
		5.4 Discharge procedure
		5.5 Disinfection procedure of discharged patients
	6. Introduction of TCM Model of Jiangxia Makeshift Hospital
		6.1 Organizational structure and management mode
		6.2 Treatment methods
			6.2.1 The comprehensive treatment of TCM measures is rich and diverse, covering the whole process
			6.2.2 Great doctors should have exquisite expertise and sincere attitude, treat patients as family, and treat both body and mind
			6.2.3. Teach health-maintaining skills at different levels and give full play to the specialty of TCM in promoting rehabilitation
		6.3 Summary of curative effect
Chapter 9 Introduction to Clinical Drug Research
	1. Traditional Chinese Medicine
		1.1 Screening of listed Chinese patent medicines
		1.2 Construction of the core outcome set for clinical trials on COVID-19
		1.3 The “three TCM drugs and three herbal formulas” recommended by the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol
			1.3.1 Jinhua Qinggan Granules
			1.3.2 Lianhua Qingwen Capsules (Granules)
			1.3.3 Xuebijing Injection
			1.3.4 Qingfei Paidu Decoction
			1.3.5 Huashi Baidu Decoction
			1.3.6 Xuanfei Baidu Decoction
		1.4 Other recommended Chinese patent medicines
			1.4.1 Huoxiang Zhengqi Capsules (Pills, Liquid, and Oral Liquid)
			1.4.2 Shufeng Jiedu Capsules
			1.4.3 Xiyanping Injection
			1.4.4 Reduning Injection
			1.4.5 Tanreqing Injection
			1.4.6 Xingnaojing Injection
	2. Chemicals
		2.1 Anti-viral drugs
			2.1.1 Interferon
			2.1.2 Favipiravir
			2.1.3 Arbidol
			2.1.4 Ribavirin
		2.2 Anti-malaria drugs
			2.2.1 Chloroquine
			2.2.2 Hydroxychloroquine
		2.3 Anti-HIV drugs
			2.3.1 Lopinavir/ritonavir
			2.3.2 Darunavir
		2.4 Antibiotics
		2.5 Immunotherapy drugs
			2.5.1 Tocilizumab
			2.5.2 Methylprednisolone
			2.5.3 Convalescent plasma therapy
Chapter 10 International Progress
	1. An Overview of the International Popularity
		1.1 The comparison between Spanish flu and COVID-19
		1.2 Timeline of the overseas epidemic
		1.3 Local epidemic control situation
			1.3.1 Epidemic situation in North America
			1.3.2 Epidemic situation in South America
			1.3.3 Epidemic situation in Africa
			1.3.4 Epidemic situation in Europe and Asia
			1.3.5 Epidemic prevention and control measures
	2. International Assistance
	3. Research on SARS-CoV-2 Characteristics
		3.1 The virus structure
		3.2 Virus mutation
		3.3 Exploration of the origin of the virus
	4. Drugs, Vaccines, and Other Therapies
		4.1 Drug research and development
		4.2 Stem cell therapy
		4.3 Vaccine research and development
		4.4 Plasma therapy
		4.5 Application of traditional Chinese medicine
	5. The Clinical Treatment of COVID-19
		5.1 “Cytokine storm”
		5.2 Prediction of disease development
		5.3 Herd immunity and ADE
		5.4 Other clinical findings
	6. Related Clinical Studies of COVID-19
	7. Clinical Drug Research
		7.1 Remdesivir
			7.1.1 Safety of drugs
			7.1.2 Clinical evaluation indicators
Appendix A: Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 Patients
	1. Etiological Characteristics
	2. Epidemiological Characteristics
		2.1 Source of infection
		2.2 Route of transmission
		2.3. Susceptible population
	3. Pathological Changes
		3.1 Lungs
		3.2. Spleen, hilar lymph nodes, and bone marrow
		3.3. Heart and blood vessels
		3.4. Liver and gallbladder
		3.5. Kidneys
		3.6. Other organs
	4. Clinical Features
		4.1. Clinical manifestations
		4.2. Laboratory testing
			4.2.1 General testing
			4.2.2 Etiology and serological examination
	5. Diagnostic Criteria
		5.1. Suspected cases
			5.1.1 Epidemiological history
			5.1.2 Clinical manifestations
		5.2. Confirmed cases
	6. Clinical Classification
		6.1. Mild
		6.2. Moderate
		6.3. Severe
		6.4. Critical
	7. Groups at High Risk of Severe/Critical Illnesses
	8. Early Warning Indicators for Severe/Critical Illnesses
		8.1. Adults
		8.2. Children
	9. Differential Diagnosis
	10. Case Finding and Reporting
	11. Treatment
		11.1. Determining the treatment site according to the condition
		11.2. General treatment
		11.3. Antiviral treatment
		11.4. Immunotherapy
		11.5. Glucocorticoid therapy
		11.6. Treatment of severe and critical cases
		11.7. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy
		11.8. Early rehabilitation therapy
	12. Nursing
	13. Discharge Criteria and Precautions after Discharge
	14. Patient Transfer
	15. Control of Nosocomial Infection in Medical Institutions
	16. Prevention
Appendix B: COVID-19 TCM Syndrome Research and Analysis
	1. General Information
	2. “Dampness Toxin Stagnation of the Lungs” is the Core Pathogenesis
	3. Composite Onset of Disease as Regional Characteristics
	4. Clinical Manifestation and Evolutionary Pattern of “Dampness-Toxin Pestilence”
Appendix C: The Roles of TCM in the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19
	1. TCM can Play a Role in the Whole Process of Anti-epidemic
		1.1 Quarantine of the “4 categories of people” and the general application of TCM decoction
		1.2 Undertaking of makeshift hospitals — TCM as the main force
		1.3 TCM, as an adjuvant treatment, can also turn the tide for patients with severe symptoms
		1.4 Promote recovery and reduce sequelae during rehabilitation period
			1.4.1 Science and technology supported TCM in the fight against COVID-19
Appendix D: Hot Issues Related to COVID-19 TCM Treatment (Questions & Answers)
Bibliography