Trade Policy In Asia: Higher Education And Media Services (World Scientific Studies in International Economics)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Author Affiliations
Preface
1 Overview
	1. Introduction
	2. Education
	3. Audiovisual Services
	4. Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
2 From Cross-Border Higher Education to Trade in Education Services
	1. Introduction
	2. What is Cross-Border Education?
	3. Trends in Cross-Border Higher Education
		3.1. Trends in International Student Mobility (Mode 2)
		3.2. Trends in Program and Institution Mobility (Modes 1 and 3)
	4. International Trade and Economic Value of Cross-Border Higher Education
	5. Guidelines Towards Trade-Friendly Regulatory Frameworks
	6. Summary and Concluding Remarks
	References
3 Regulating Higher Education Services in the People’s Republic of China
	1. Introduction
	2. Background and Recent Developments
	3. The Regulatory Regime and Recent Reforms
		3.1. Regulations and Policies in Higher Education Services
			3.1.1. The Model of Higher Education Services Management in the PRC
			3.1.2. Management and Services for Chinese Students Studying Abroad
			3.1.3. Management and Services for International Students Studying in the PRC
			3.1.4. Management for Overseas Educational Institutions Running Schools and Programs in the PRC
			3.1.5. Management for Overseas Teacher/Trainer Mobility
			3.1.6. Management for Overseas Distance Education Providers
			3.1.7. Management for Domestic Agencies
			3.1.8. Monitoring Measures for Domestic Institutions Running Schools Offshore
			3.1.9. Specific Measures on Quality Assurance for Cross-Border Education
		3.2. The People’s Republic of China’s WTO Access Commitments and Regional Trade Agreement Commitments on Education Services
		3.3. Applied Restrictions on Market Access and National Treatment
			3.3.1. Visas
			3.3.2. Land Acquisition
			3.3.3. Recognition of Degrees/Diplomas
		3.4. Accreditation Regulations
	4. Future Prospects
	5. Conclusions
	References
4 Trade and Investment in Higher Education Services in Hong Kong, China
	1. Introduction
	2. Overview of the Public and Private Markets for Higher Education
	3. The Domestic Regulatory Regime for Quality Assurance
		3.1. Local Services Providers
		3.2. Non-Local Service Providers
	4. The Modes and Direction of International Trade
		4.1. Imports: How Non-Local Services Providers Operate
		4.2. Exports: Growing Significance of the People’s Republic of China
	5. Building a Regional Education Hub
		5.1. New Policy Directions
		5.2. International Relationships
		5.3. Cooperation with the People’s Republic of China
	6. Addressing Competitive Weaknesses
		6.1. Systemic Coherence and Coordination
		6.2. Workforce Planning Requirements
		6.3. Separation of Publicly Funded Institutions from Their Commercial Arms
		6.4. Quality Assurance
		6.5. Internationalization and Relationship with the People’s Republic of China
		6.6. Allocation of Research Funding
	7. Conclusions
	References
5 International Transactions in Tertiary Education Services: The Case of Japan
	1. Introduction
	2. Background and Recent Developments in Tertiary Education in Japan
		2.1. Tertiary Education Trends in Japan
		2.2. Services Trade in Tertiary Education: The Case of Japan
	3. Restrictions on Education Services Trade and International Services Commitments
		3.1. Limitations on Market Access and National Treatment
		3.2. Japan’s GATS Commitments
	4. Domestic Regulations and Accreditation Policy
		4.1. Domestic Regulation of the Establishment of School Juridical Persons and Formal Universities
		4.2. Status of “Japanese Campuses of Foreign Universities” Introduced in 2004
	5. Recent Reforms
		5.1. Quest for Reforms: The Government’s Unsuccessful Attempt in 2012
		5.2. The First Order to Close a University in 2012
	6. Policy Implications
		6.1. Who Is the Authority: The Government, the University Council, or Both?
		6.2. Who Should Supervise “Overseas Extensions”? The Home or Host Country Authority?
	7. Conclusion
	References
6 Trade Liberalization and Domestic Regulations: Implications for Malaysia as a Regional Education Hub
	1. Introduction
	2. Background of Tertiary Education in Malaysia
		2.1. Growth and Development
		2.2. Features of Trade
	3. Malaysia’s Trade Commitments and Regulatory Regime for the Tertiary Sector
		3.1. Malaysia’s Trade Commitments for the Tertiary Sector
		3.2. Domestic Regulations
			3.2.1. Salient Features of the Private Higher Education Institutions Act, 1996 (Act 555)
			3.2.2. Salient Features of the Malaysian Qualifications Agency Act, 2007 (Act 679)
			3.2.3. Comparing Trade Commitments with Policies, Especially as Prescribed by the Domestic Regulations
	4. Implications for Malaysia as a Regional Education Hub
		4.1. Mode 1
		4.2. Mode 2
		4.3. Mode 3
		4.4. Mode 4
	5. Conclusion and Policy Implications for Other Developing Countries
	Appendix 6.1
	Appendix 6.2
	References
7 Internationalization of Tertiary Education Services in Singapore
	1. Introduction
	2. Overview of the Development of the Singaporean Education Sector
	3. Global Schoolhouse: Education Sector as an Engine of Economic Growth
		3.1. Public Education
		3.2. Private Education
		3.3. Internationalization of Higher Educational Services
	4. The General Agreement on Trade in Services and International Trade in Higher Education Services
		4.1. Barriers to Trade in Higher Education Services
		4.2. Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements
	5. Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
8 Audiovisual Services: International Trade and Cultural Policy
	1. Introduction
	2. Trade in Audiovisual Services
		2.1. Economics of the Audiovisual Sector
		2.2. International Trade
	3. Policy and Regulatory Environment
		3.1. Promoting Diversity and Pluralism
		3.2. Liberalizing Versus Protective Impulses
	4. Copyright
		4.1. Globalization and Enforcement
		4.2. Copyright and Free Trade Areas
	5. Conclusions
	References
9 Audiovisual Services in India
	1. Introduction
	2. Recent Trends and Developments
		2.1. Overview of Segments of the Audiovisual Sector
			2.1.1. Films
			2.1.2. Television
			2.1.3. Radio
			2.1.4. Music
			2.1.5. Animation
		2.2. India’s Trade and Investments in Audiovisual Services
	3. Regulations, Reforms, and Applied Restrictions
		3.1. Regulatory Structure and Regulations
		3.2. Liberalization and Reforms
		3.3. Copyright
		3.4. Existing or Applied Restrictions
	4. India’s Commitments to the World Trade Organization, and Free and Regional Trade Agreements
		4.1. India’s Commitments in the World Trade Organization
		4.2. India’s Commitments in Free and Regional Trade Agreements
		4.3. Other Bilateral Engagements
	5. Strengths, Weaknesses, and Policy Implications
		5.1. Strengths
		5.2. Challenges
	6. Summary and Conclusion
	References
10 Audiovisual Services in the Republic of Korea: Market Development and Policies
	1. Introduction
	2. Market Development
		2.1. Motion Pictures
			2.1.1. Brief Historyc
			2.1.2. Recent Market Trends
			2.1.3. Technological Developments
			2.1.4. Exports and Imports
		2.2. Broadcasting
			2.2.1. Brief Historyi
			2.2.2. Recent Market Trends
			2.2.3. Exports and Imports
			2.2.4. Inward and Outward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
	3. Regulatory Regimel
		3.1. Screen Quotas
		3.2. Broadcasting Quotasm
		3.3. Restrictions on Ownershipn
		3.4. Nationality Requirements
		3.5 Domestic Regulatio
	4. Conclusions
	References