Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment: Evidence from Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Authors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	1.1 Context
		1.1.1 Trade and Development
	1.2 Trade and Gender: A Summary of Existing Evidence
		1.2.1 Themes and Dynamics Related to Gender and Trade
		1.2.2 Summary of Findings from Existing Research
			Employment Effects
			Earnings and Job Quality
			Household Dynamics
		1.2.3 Research Gaps
	1.3 Research Questions and Approach
		1.3.1 The Way Forward
	Notes
	References
2 Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment: Survey Results for SMEs Across Six Developing Countries
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Context
	2.3 Survey Results
		2.3.1 Favourability to Women-Ownership, Employee Distribution, Wages and Benefits
		2.3.2 Trade-Related Data
		2.3.3 Exporting vs. Non-exporting SMEs
		2.3.4 Technology Use and Covid-19
		2.3.5 Comparison with Secondary Data8
	2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
	Appendix
		Survey Questionnaire
			Section 1—Background Information
			Section 2—Employee
			Section 3—Nature of Work, Wages and Benefits
			Section 4—Trade-Related Questions
	Notes
	References
3 Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment: Qualitative Analysis of SMEs from Cambodia and Vietnam
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Research Design
	3.3 Context
		3.3.1 Cambodia
			Export Performance
			Labor Force Participation
			Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
		3.3.2 Vietnam
			Export Performance
			Labor Force Participation
			Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)
		3.3.3 Comparative Analysis
	3.4 Key Findings from Qualitative Analysis
		3.4.1 Modalities and Conditions for Trade Sectors to Create Jobs for Women
			Cambodia
			Vietnam
		3.4.2 Broader Impacts of Trade Sectors on Women’s Economic Empowerment
	3.5 Conclusion
		3.5.1 Cambodia
		3.5.2 Vietnam
			Concluding Thoughts
	References
4 Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment: Qualitative Analysis of SMEs from Ghana, Madagascar, Nigeria, and Senegal
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Research Design
		4.2.1 Participants’ Recruitment Process and Demographics
	4.3 Context2
		4.3.1 Ghana
		4.3.2 Madagascar
		4.3.3 Nigeria
		4.3.4 Senegal
	4.4 Women in Trade in Africa
		4.4.1 Overall Female Employment
		4.4.2 Sectoral Female Employment
		4.4.3 Wage and Salaried Female Workers
	4.5 Barriers to Women’s Participation in Trade
		4.5.1 Political Barriers
		4.5.2 Economic Barriers
		4.5.3 Social Barriers
		4.5.4 Technological Barriers
		4.5.5 Legal Barriers
		4.5.6 Environmental Barriers
	4.6 Key Findings from Qualitative Analysis
		4.6.1 Modalities and Conditions for Trade Sectors to Create Jobs for Women
			Job Requirements
			Engagement in Export
			Work Conditions
		4.6.2 Impact of Trade Sectors on Women’s Economic Empowerment
			Access to and Control Over Productive Resources
			Access to Decent Work
			Control Over Their Own Time and Income
			Increased Voice and Meaningful Participation in Economic Decision-Making
		4.6.3 Effective Strategies and Policies to Enhance the Impact of Trade Sectors
		4.6.4 Recommended Government Policies
			Recommendation for TSOs
	4.7 Conclusion
	Notes
	References
5 Conclusion
	5.1 Key Findings
	5.2 Policy Recommendations
	Notes
	References
Index