Tracing the Emergence of Psychology, 1520–⁠1750: A Sophisticated Intruder to Philosophy

Series Editors Preface
	Locating the Historical Roots of Psychology: A Long-Needed Exploration
	References
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
	References
Chapter 2: The First Use of the Term “Psychology”
	2.1 Aristotle Transforms Popular Understanding of the Soul into Cognitive Theory
	2.2 Plato and the World Soul
	2.3 Humanism’s Interest in the Science of the Soul
	2.4 The First Anthology of European Psychology
	2.5 The Protestant Scholasticism and the Rise of Hermeneutics
	2.6 Lutherans Versus Calvinists and Human Nature
	2.7 The Relationship Between Body and Soul
	2.8 The First Psychology Sets the Path for Modern Psychology
	References
Chapter 3: “Psyche” in Ancient Greece
	3.1 The Psychological Maxim
	3.2 The Popular Origin of Aristotle’s Concept of the Soul
	3.3 The Popular Versus the Philosophical Perception of the Soul
	3.4 The Term “Psyche” Can Be Traced Back to Homer
	3.5 Physis as “the Natural”
	3.6 From Ambiguous to Unambiguous Knowledge
	3.7 Is Time a Psychological Entity?
	3.8 Various Studies Pertaining to the Content of the Soul
	3.9 Enthymeme: A Psychological Conclusion Logic
	3.10 Logical Versus Psychological Use of Language
	3.11 Only Philosophy Represents True Science
	3.12 The Stoics as a Link Between Antiquity and Psychology in Modern Times
	References
Chapter 4: Humanism, Petrarchism, and Melanchthon
	4.1 Petrarch Recreates the Stoic Humanity
	4.2 Utopism and the Worship of Art and Literature
	4.3 Focus on All Aspects of the Individual Human Being
	4.4 Logic and Rhetoric United: Agricola
	4.5 Induction and Psychology
	4.6 Neoplatonism and the Natural Technology
	4.7 Melanchthon and the Interest in Human Nature
	4.8 Psychology and Medicine
	4.9 Psychology as One of the Liberal Art Forms
	4.10 The Stoic Concept of Nature Sets the Premises for Psychology
	References
Chapter 5: The Reformation and Protestantism’s Need for Psychology
	5.1 A Broad Protest against the Papal Church and Changes in Philosophy
	5.2 Martin Luther and the Reformation
	5.3 The Reformation Institutionalizes a Popular Vision
	5.4 Psychology Deals with the Independent Person
	5.5 The Importance of the Subjective Experience of Remorse and Penance
	5.6 Cognition of Sin Leads to a Strong Focus on Body and Human Nature
	5.7 Luther’s Ambiguous Relationship with Aristotle
	5.8 Hermeneutics
	5.9 Confession Paves the Way for Psychology
	5.10 The Reformation Leads to Focus on the Individual
	References
Chapter 6: Subjectivity in Popular Culture
	6.1 Philosophy Changes with Descartes
	6.2 Psychology Generates New Concepts
	6.3 Philosophy Struggles with Subjectivity
	6.4 The Battle Between Body and Soul: A Popular Theme
	6.5 Cavalieri’s Opera Rappresentatione Embodied a Popular Human Knowledge
	6.6 The Comic Is Strictly Human
	6.7 Laughter Represents the Pure Subjectivism
	6.8 The Ecclesiastical Festivals Focused on Humor and Body
	6.9 Popular Life Is Without an Objective Foundation
	References
Chapter 7: Psychology and Metaphysics
	7.1 Metaphysics and Science
	7.2 The Unclear Role of Psychology in Metaphysics
	7.3 Psychology as an Applied Natural Science
	7.4 Metaphysics Liberates Itself from Religion
	7.5 Thomas Aquinas and the Uncontrollable Sensuality
	7.6 The Propagation of Humans – An Enigma
	7.7 Physica and the Natural Theology
	7.8 The Seven Liberal Art Forms and the Change in View of Science
	7.9 A Radical New Understanding of Metaphysics
	7.10 Metaphysics and the Scientific Method
	7.11 The New Metaphysics Requires New Concepts
	7.12 Psychology Crosses Logical Boundaries
	References
Chapter 8: Psychology Outside the German-Speaking Area
	8.1 The Importance of Induction
	8.2 Francis Bacon
	8.3 Thomas Hobbes
	8.4 A Secular Philosophical System
	8.5 Common Sense
	8.6 “Know Yourself” Understood in a New Way
	8.7 Empiricism and Naturalism
	8.8 Psychology Rooted in Conventions and History
	8.9 Psychological Knowledge Is Incorporated in Language – John Locke
	8.10 Hume Continues Locke’s Tradition
	8.11 A New Understanding of Sensus Communis
	8.12 Back to the Popular
	References
Chapter 9: Metaphysics Rooted in Feelings and Body: Spinoza
	9.1 The Independence of the Netherlands
	9.2 Spinoza Combines Metaphysics with Feelings
	9.3 Ethics and Free Will
	9.4 The World Is Characterized by Complexity
	9.5 Beyond Good and Evil
	9.6 Psychological Concepts Replace Theological Concepts
	9.7 Emotions Control Human Cognition
	9.8 Body and Mind Follow Parallel Tracks
	9.9 Feelings Cannot Be Restrained by Words
	9.10 Cognition Driven by Emotion
	9.11 Reason Is an Adequate Feeling
	9.12 Reason Is Desire
	References
Chapter 10: A Dynamic Understanding of the World: Leibniz
	10.1 An Alternative to Locke
	10.2 Leibniz’ Metaphysics
	10.3 Leibniz and Wundt
	10.4 The Relationship Between Body and Soul
	10.5 Perception
	10.6 Apperception
	10.7 Perception and Feelings
	10.8 Appetition
	10.9 A New Understanding of Movement
	10.10 Unconscious Perceptions
	10.11 The Principle of “the Infinitely Small Inequality”
	10.12 Mathematics Becomes Dynamic
	10.13 Approximation Unites Experience and Thinking
	10.14 Physics and Psychology
	10.15 The Unity of Science
	10.16 The Transcendental Acquires a Secular Significance
	References
Chapter 11: Christian Wolff: The Ground Zero of Modern Psychology?
	11.1 Wolff Builds on Leibniz
	11.2 Wolff Turns Metaphysics into Method
	11.3 Two Fundamental Principles
	11.4 Psychology Is Becoming Independent, but Remains a Factor in Philosophy
	11.5 We Feel, Therefore, We Are
	11.6 Sensation Represents Variety and Change
	11.7 Apperception Gains a Wider Meaning
	11.8 Psychologia empirica Has a Bifurcated Ambition
	11.9 Wolff’s Psychologism
	11.10 Psychologia empirica Has Multiple Functions
	11.11 Psychologia rationalis
	11.12 Metaphysics Constitutes Wolff’s Philosophical System
	References
Chapter 12: The Impact of Psychologia empirica on the European Enlightenment
	12.1 Psychology both Unites and Divides
	12.2 Empiricism and Experimentation
	12.3 The Emergence of the Modern Experiment
	12.4 Skepticism About Observations
	12.5 The Axiomatic Method
	12.6 Wolffian Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten
	12.7 Higher and Inferior Faculties of Cognition
	12.8 Modern Aesthetics and Psychology
	12.9 Aesthetic Truth
	12.10 Aestheticology, Heuristics, and the Scientific Method
	12.11 The Sufficient Truth
	12.12 Wolffianism in Russia: Mikail Vasil’evich Lomonosov
	12.13 Wolffianism in the Nordic Countries: Johan Ernst Gunnerus
	12.14 Psychology Shatters the Framework of Philosophy and Becomes a Widely Accepted Concept
	12.15 Conclusions
	References
Index