Trace Elements in Anaerobic Biotechnologies

Cover......Page 2
Contents......Page 9
About the Editors......Page 15
List of Contributors......Page 19
ABSTRACT......Page 23
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 24
1.2 CARBON BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS......Page 25
1.3 NITROGEN BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS......Page 28
1.4 PHOSPHORUS BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS......Page 31
1.5 IRON BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS......Page 32
1.6 SULFUR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS......Page 34
1.7 MAJOR ELEMENTS BIOGEOCHEMISTRY INTERPLAY IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS......Page 37
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 39
REFERENCES......Page 40
ABSTRACT......Page 45
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 46
2.2 TOTAL VERSUS BIOAVAILABLE TRACE ELEMENTS......Page 47
2.3.1 Introduction......Page 49
2.3.2 Non-redox sensitive elements......Page 50
2.3.2.1 Cobalt......Page 51
2.3.3 Redox-sensitive elements......Page 52
2.3.3.1 Iron......Page 53
2.3.3.3 Molybdenum......Page 54
2.3.3.4 Selenium......Page 55
2.3.3.5 Tungsten......Page 56
2.4 HOW TO ASSESS SPECIATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF TE IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS......Page 57
2.4.1.1 In-situ sampling......Page 58
2.4.2 TE speciation in liquid samples......Page 60
2.4.3.1 TE speciation......Page 61
2.4.3.2 TE fractionation using sequential extraction......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 65
ABSTRACT......Page 73
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 74
3.2 MAJOR PATHWAYS AND TRACE-ELEMENT REQUIREMENTS IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION......Page 76
3.2.1 Organic carbon processing......Page 77
3.2.1.1 Complex polymers......Page 78
3.2.3 Methanogenesis......Page 80
3.3.1 Methyl-coenzyme M reductase......Page 85
3.3.3 Formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase......Page 86
3.4 PERSPECTIVES......Page 89
REFERENCES......Page 90
ABSTRACT......Page 95
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 96
4.2 MANAGEMENT TOOLS......Page 98
4.3 INFLUENCE OF REACTOR TYPE ON TE SUPPLEMENTATION......Page 100
4.4.1 Organic loading rate......Page 102
4.4.2 Temperature......Page 103
4.4.3 Two phase anaerobic digestion/pH role......Page 104
4.4.4 Hydraulic retention time......Page 105
4.5.1 Sulphide-rich feedstock......Page 106
4.5.2 Phosphate-rich feedstock......Page 107
4.5.3 Lipid-rich feedstock......Page 110
4.5.4 Lignocellulosic waste......Page 112
REFERENCES......Page 114
ABSTRACT......Page 123
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 124
5.2.1 Sulfur modelling......Page 128
5.2.2 Phosphorus modelling......Page 134
5.3.1 Precipitation......Page 135
5.3.1.1 Non-ADM1-based precipitation models......Page 139
5.3.1.2 ADM1-based precipitation models......Page 146
5.3.2 Adsorption......Page 148
5.3.3 Aqueous complexation......Page 151
5.4.1 Modelling the biouptake of TEs......Page 152
5.4.2 Dose-response modelling of TE effect in AD......Page 154
5.5 CONCLUSION......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 164
APPENDIX Notation......Page 174
Chapter 6: Assessing fate and bioavailability of trace elements in soils after digestate application......Page 175
ABSTRACT......Page 176
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 177
6.2 DIGESTATE-PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION ON SOIL......Page 178
6.2.1.1 Agricultural biogas plants......Page 179
6.2.2 Separation of liquid and solid fraction of digestate......Page 180
6.2.3 Technologies for application of digestate on soils......Page 181
6.3.1 Total trace elements in soils......Page 183
6.3.2 Mechanisms regulating trace elements distribution in soils......Page 184
6.3.3 Trace elements mobility in soils and availability for plants......Page 185
6.3.4 Effects of digestates on soil properties and TE content......Page 186
6.4 COLLECTION, PRESERVATION AND PREPARATION OF SAMPLES......Page 187
6.5 ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES......Page 189
6.5.1 Common parameters and total TE concentrations in digestate-amended soils......Page 190
6.5.2 Fractionation techniques for trace-element partitioning in soils amended with digestate......Page 191
6.5.3 Speciation of TEs in digestate amended soils......Page 192
6.5.4.1 Diffusive gradient in thin films......Page 193
6.5.4.2 Other methodologies......Page 194
6.6 CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH NEEDS......Page 195
REFERENCES......Page 196
Chapter 7: Re-use of digestate and recovery techniques......Page 203
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 204
7.1.1 The complexity of digestate......Page 205
7.1.2 End destination......Page 206
7.1.2.1.1 Valuable source of carbon and nutrients......Page 207
7.1.2.1.3 Effects of long-term use of digestate and other digestate-related products on soil......Page 208
7.1.2.2 Incineration and co-incineration......Page 211
7.1.3 Regulations for digestate disposal......Page 212
7.1.3.1 European......Page 213
7.1.3.2 State specific......Page 214
7.2.1 Pre-digestion techniques-Feedstock pre-treatment......Page 215
7.2.2.1 Solid-liquid separation......Page 216
7.2.2.2 Digestate recirculation......Page 217
7.3.1 Biochar digestates......Page 218
7.3.3 Phytoremediation......Page 220
7.4.1 Land application......Page 223
7.4.2 Algal treatment of digestate......Page 224
7.4.3.2 Thermal processes......Page 225
7.5 GAPS AND CHALLENGES......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 227
Index......Page 237