Toxicology of the Skin (Target Organ Toxicology Series)

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 3
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
SECTION I Irritant Dermatitis......Page 10
INTRODUCTION......Page 11
Stratum Corneum Preparation, Spin Labeling, and Surfactant Treatment for Cadaver Skin......Page 12
Stratum Corneum Preparation, Spin Labeling, and Surfactant Treatment for Stripped Stratum Corneum from Volunteers......Page 13
EPR Spectral Measurement......Page 14
Clinical Testing......Page 15
Effect of Surfactants on Intercellular Fluidity of Stratum Corneum Obtained from Cadaver Skin......Page 16
Effect of Surfactant Mixtures (SLS/SLG) on Intercellular Lipid Fluidity of Stratum Corneum Obtained from Cadaver Skin......Page 19
Effect of Incubation Time and Concentration of SLS on the Intercellular Lipid Fluidity of Cadaver Stratum Corneum......Page 20
EPR Spectrum Measurement of Human-Stripped Stratum Corneum......Page 21
REFERENCES......Page 23
INTRODUCTION......Page 26
Postexposure Transepidermal Water Loss......Page 27
DISCUSSION......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 30
SQUAMOMETRY: METHODOLOGY......Page 32
SUBCLINICAL NONERYTHEMATOUS IRRITATION WITH SURFACTANT......Page 33
REFERENCES......Page 35
INTRODUCTION......Page 37
Nonionic Surfactants......Page 38
IRRITANCY RANKING OF DETERGENTS......Page 39
EFFECTS OF DETERGENTS ON DIFFERENT SKIN CONDITIONS......Page 41
REFERENCES......Page 42
INTRODUCTION......Page 45
SKIN—A SEMIPERMEABLE BARRIER FOR ABSORPTION, STORAGE, AND ELIMINATION OF METALS......Page 46
In Vitro—Fick’s First Law of Membrane Diffusion and the Permeation Coefficient Kp......Page 47
In Vivo—Percentage of Dose Absorbed......Page 48
PREDICTION OF PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION THROUGH STRUCTURE-PERMEABILITY RELATIONSHIPS......Page 51
FORMATION OF METAL DEPOTS IN THE SKIN......Page 52
Sweat......Page 53
Lead......Page 54
REFERENCES......Page 55
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ASSESSMENT OF THE THRESHOLD OF IRRITATION......Page 60
COMBINATION OF IRRITANTS......Page 61
DISRUPTION OF THE BARRIER FUNCTION......Page 64
CONCLUSION......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 66
CYTOKINES......Page 68
Cytokine Induction in Human Cell Cultures......Page 70
Cytokine Induction in Murine Epidermis......Page 71
Cytokine Induction in Human Epidermis......Page 73
Cytokine Induction in Human Skin Lymph......Page 74
UPREGULATED CYTOKINES FOLLOWING MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL IRRITATION (TABLE 7.5)......Page 75
CONCLUSION......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
INTRODUCTION......Page 82
Alpha-Cypermethrin Irritation Test......Page 83
RESULTS......Page 84
DISCUSSION......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 87
INTRODUCTION......Page 88
SKIN CORROSIVITY OF ORGANIC ACIDS, BASES, AND PHENOLS......Page 89
SKIN CORROSIVITY OF ELECTROPHILIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS......Page 90
CORROSIVE AND SEVERELY CORROSIVE ACIDS......Page 92
REFERENCES......Page 94
SECTION II Percutaneous Absorption......Page 95
EXPOSURE TO SOIL AND WATER......Page 96
Water......Page 97
Soil......Page 100
Soil Load......Page 102
Soil and Risk Assessment Assumptions......Page 103
NEW METHODOLOGY......Page 104
DISCUSSION......Page 105
REFERENCES......Page 106
INTRODUCTION......Page 107
Clinical......Page 108
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 109
CONCLUSIONS......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 114
INTRODUCTION......Page 116
Incubation Procedure......Page 117
RESULTS......Page 118
DISCUSSION......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 128
13 Dermal Exposure of Hands to Pesticides......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 131
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES......Page 133
THEORY......Page 134
PATHWAYS OF ION TRANSPORT......Page 135
FACTORS AFFECTING IONTOPHORETIC DRUG ADMINISTRATION......Page 136
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH IONTOPHORESIS......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 138
WHY USE PK MODEL?......Page 142
In Vitro Models and Data......Page 143
CONCLUSION......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 145
SECTION III Allergic Contact Dermatitis......Page 147
INTRODUCTION......Page 148
Prickliness and Scratching......Page 149
Movement of Fabric Over the Skin......Page 150
Fabric as a Stationary Skin Cover......Page 151
TEXTILE CHEMICALS AS CONTACT ALLERGENS......Page 152
Fiber Polymers......Page 156
Fiber Additives......Page 157
Durable-Press Chemicals and Finishes......Page 158
Degradation Products......Page 159
Disperse Dyes......Page 160
Colorant Identity and Purity Questions......Page 161
New Predictive Techniques......Page 162
REFERENCES......Page 163
INTRODUCTION......Page 166
Plant Extracts......Page 167
Glucocorticoids......Page 168
Emollients and Anti-Irritants......Page 169
Lipid Mediators......Page 170
Reduction of Electrotransport Irritation......Page 171
MAST CELL DEGRANULATING AGENTS......Page 172
ION CHANNEL MODULATORS......Page 175
Ion Channel Immune Modulators......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 178
History......Page 183
Patch Test Reading......Page 184
Pitfalls of Patch Testing......Page 185
TRUE Test......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 187
INTRODUCTION......Page 188
Toxicology......Page 189
Immunology......Page 190
Pharmacology......Page 192
Pharmacology......Page 193
Toxicology......Page 194
Advantages/Disadvantages of the Respective Agents......Page 195
REFERENCES......Page 196
INTRODUCTION......Page 202
Immunologic Predisposition......Page 203
Gender......Page 207
Types of Stress......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 209
METHODS......Page 211
Study Prevalence......Page 212
Nondisperse Dye Prevalence......Page 215
DISCUSSION......Page 218
RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 219
REFERENCES......Page 220
INTRODUCTION......Page 221
VARIATION IN GPMT RESULTS......Page 222
MULTIPLE-DOSE RELATIONSHIP IN THE GUINEA PIG......Page 223
DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP AND STATISTICS......Page 224
DOSE-RESPONSE STUDIES IN THE GPMT AND BUEHLER TEST......Page 225
Chlorocresol......Page 226
Hydroxycitronellal......Page 227
Parthenolide......Page 229
Formaldehyde......Page 230
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS......Page 232
CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 233
REFERENCES......Page 234
Clinical HistoryThe assessment starts with a comprehensive dermatological history (Table 23.1). The physician should investigate all probable sources of allergenic exposure in the patient’s environment, and determine whether or not this exposure may be responsible for the patient’s dermatitis. In addition, history should provide insights in differentiating ACD from other exogenous or endogenous dermatoses. This is crucial when dealing with multifactorial dermatitis. Previous episodes of dermatiti......Page 237
Physical Examination......Page 239
Patch Testing......Page 240
Assessment of Relevance......Page 241
REFERENCES......Page 242
INTRODUCTION......Page 244
Guinea Pig Assays......Page 245
Popliteal Lymph Node Assay......Page 246
AN INTEGRATED MODEL FOR THE DETECTION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF CHEMICAL-INDUCED ALLERGIC AND IRRITANT SKIN RESPONSES......Page 247
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION-LOCAL LYMPH NODE ASSAY......Page 248
REFERENCES......Page 249
Scopolamine......Page 253
Clonidine......Page 254
Nicotine......Page 255
Testosterone......Page 256
REFERENCES......Page 257
SECTION IV Contact Urticaria......Page 260
IMMUNOLOGIC CONTACT URTICARIA: MECHANISMS......Page 261
PROTEIN ALLERGY AS AN ANIMAL MODEL FOR IMMUNOLOGIC CONTACT URTICARIA......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 263
INTRODUCTION......Page 265
DRUG ERUPTIONS......Page 266
CONTACT DERMATITIS......Page 268
CONTACT URTICARIA SYNDROME: IMMEDIATE CONTACT REACTIONS......Page 270
REFERENCES......Page 271
SECTION V MISCELLANEOUS......Page 273
INTRODUCTION......Page 274
WOUND CLASSIFICATION......Page 275
THE WOUND HEALING PROCESS......Page 278
Inflammatory Phase......Page 279
Proliferative Phase......Page 280
DERMATOXICITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR WOUND HEALING PRODUCTS......Page 281
Wound Cleansers......Page 282
Débriding Agents......Page 283
Antimicrobials......Page 284
Antiseptics......Page 285
Antibiotics......Page 287
Growth Factors......Page 290
Dressings......Page 291
Skin Protectants......Page 293
Topical Hyperbaric Oxygen (THBO)......Page 295
WOUND HEALING PRODUCT TOXICITY EVALUATION: CURRENT STATE OF THE SCIENCE......Page 296
REFERENCES......Page 297
29 Issues of Toxicity with Dermatologic Drugs During Pregnancy......Page 300
CAUSE OF BIRTH DEFECTS......Page 301
Drug Metabolism......Page 302
RISK RELATED TO TIME OF DRUG CONSUMPTION......Page 303
First Trimester......Page 307
Cohort Studies......Page 308
Delay in Appearance of Developmental Toxicity......Page 309
Androgenic Drugs......Page 310
Retinoids......Page 311
Antibiotics......Page 312
Miscellaneous Anti-Acne Topical Products......Page 313
Antihistamines......Page 314
Antimalarials......Page 315
Antineoplastic Drugs......Page 316
Antiscabetic Drugs......Page 317
Miscellaneous......Page 318
REFERENCES......Page 320
THE PRESENCE OF CALCIUM IN SKIN......Page 331
REGULATION OF CALCIUM......Page 332
CALCIUM SIGNALING......Page 333
MECHANISM OF CELL SIGNALING......Page 334
TRANSPORT OF CALCIUM IN THE SKIN......Page 335
REFERENCES......Page 336
INTRODUCTION......Page 339
Cell Culture......Page 340
DNA Binding Studies......Page 341
Specificity of Psoralen-Binding Sites: Cold Competition Study......Page 342
DISCUSSION......Page 343
REFERENCES......Page 345
BACKGROUND......Page 346
CHOICE OF IN VITRO VIABILITY ASSAY......Page 347
Proliferation Studies......Page 348
Histomorphology......Page 349
Metabolic Assays......Page 350
In Vivo Function......Page 351
CONCLUSION......Page 352
REFERENCES......Page 353
INTRODUCTION......Page 358
HISTOLOGIC EVALUATION......Page 359
MEDICAL EXPOSURES......Page 360
THE CALCIFICATION PROCESS......Page 361
MECHANISM OF CALCIFICATION......Page 362
SUMMARY......Page 364
REFERENCES......Page 365
Index......Page 367