Toxicological profiles - Zinc

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILES FOR ZINC......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 13
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO ZINC WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 14
1.5 HOW CAN ZINC AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 15
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 16
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 17
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 18
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 19
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 25
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 30
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 31
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 32
2.2.2.3 Immunological Effects......Page 53
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 54
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 55
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 56
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 57
2.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 60
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 61
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 62
2.3.2 Distribution......Page 64
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 65
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 66
2.3.5 Mechanisms of Action......Page 67
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 68
2.5.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Zinc......Page 82
2.5.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Zinc......Page 83
2.6 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 84
2.7 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 86
2.8.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 87
2.8.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 88
2.9.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Zinc......Page 89
2.9.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 91
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 96
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 106
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 110
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 111
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 112
5.2.1 Air......Page 113
5.2.2 Water......Page 114
5.2.3 Soil......Page 118
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 119
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 122
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 123
5.4.1 Air......Page 124
5.4.2 Water......Page 125
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 126
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 127
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 131
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 134
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 144
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 150
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 151
8. REFERENCES......Page 169
Embryotoxicity and Fetotoxicity......Page 217
Neurotoxicity......Page 218
Time-Weighted Average (TWA)......Page 219
User’s Guide......Page 220
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......Page 225