Toxicological profiles - Cesium

DRAFT TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CESIUM......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT IS CESIUM?......Page 16
1.2 HOW DO WE MEASURE RADIOACTIVITY?......Page 17
1.4 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO CESIUM?......Page 19
1.5 HOW CAN CESIUM ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 20
1.6 HOW CAN CESIUM AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 21
1.8 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO CESIUM?......Page 22
1.10 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO......Page 23
1.11 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 24
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO CESIUM IN THE UNITED......Page 26
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 28
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 31
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 34
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 37
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 39
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 40
3.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 44
3.2.2Oral Exposure......Page 45
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 46
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 50
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 55
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 56
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 57
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 58
3.2.3.1 Death......Page 59
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 60
3.2.3.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 61
3.2.4External Exposure......Page 62
3.2.4.2 Systemic Effects......Page 63
3.2.4.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 64
3.2.4.6 Developmental Effects......Page 65
3.2.4.7 Cancer......Page 71
3.2.5.1 Death......Page 72
3.2.5.2 Systemic Effects......Page 73
3.2.5.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 74
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 75
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 81
3.4.1Absorption......Page 82
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 83
3.4.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 84
3.4.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 85
3.4.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 86
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 87
3.4.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 89
3.4.5Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 90
3.5.1Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 107
3.5.2Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 108
3.5.3Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 109
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 110
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 113
3.8.1Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Cesium......Page 114
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 115
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 116
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 117
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Cesium......Page 118
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 122
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 131
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 132
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 141
5.3 USE......Page 142
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 143
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 146
6.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 152
6.2.1Air......Page 162
6.2.2Water......Page 163
6.2.3Soil......Page 164
6.3.1Transport and Partitioning......Page 165
6.3.2Transformation and Degradation......Page 167
6.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 168
6.4.1Air......Page 169
6.4.2Water......Page 170
6.4.3Sediment and Soil......Page 171
6.4.4Other Environmental Media......Page 173
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 178
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 179
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 183
6.8.1Identification of Data Needs......Page 185
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 189
7.1.1 In Vivo Cesium Measurements......Page 190
7.1.2 In Vitro Cesium Measurements......Page 195
7.2.1Field Measurements of Cesium......Page 196
7.2.2Laboratory Analysis of Environmental Samples......Page 197
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 203
7.3.2Ongoing Studies......Page 204
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 206
9. REFERENCES......Page 211
Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter......Page 257
Atomic Weight......Page 258
Branching......Page 259
Collective dose......Page 260
Daughter Products......Page 261
Dose......Page 262
Early Effects......Page 263
EPA Health Advisory......Page 264
Exposure......Page 265
Intensity......Page 266
Stable Isotope......Page 267
Lowest- Observed- Adverse- Effect Level......Page 268
Nucleon......Page 269
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic  Model......Page 270
Radiation......Page 271
Radiosensitivity......Page 272
Short- Term Exposure Limit......Page 273
Threshold Limit Value......Page 274
Units......Page 275
Zero- Threshold Linear Hypothesis......Page 276
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 277
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 279
USER'S GUIDE......Page 286
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 293
OVERVIEW OF BASIC RADIATION PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND BIOLOGY......Page 298
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX D......Page 311