Toxicological profiles - Xylenes

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILES FOR XYLENES......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 14
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO XYLENE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 15
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO XYLENE?......Page 16
1.5 HOW CAN XYLENE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 17
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 18
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 19
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 20
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 21
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 22
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 59
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 63
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 64
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 65
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 66
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 89
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 90
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 91
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 92
2.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 98
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 99
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 100
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 101
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 102
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 103
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 106
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 107
2.3.5 Mechanisms of Action......Page 108
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 109
2.5 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 123
2.5.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Xylene......Page 124
2.6 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 125
2.7 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 127
2.8.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 128
2.8.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 129
2.9.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Xylene......Page 130
2.9.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 133
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 138
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 143
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 155
5.1.OVERVIEW......Page 157
5.2.1 Air......Page 159
5.2.3 Soil......Page 169
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 170
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 173
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 174
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 175
5.4.1 Air......Page 176
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 178
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 179
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 188
6. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 191
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 192
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 199
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 206
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 207
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 208
8. REFERENCES......Page 217
Intermediate Exposure......Page 263
q1 *......Page 264
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 265
User’s Guide......Page 266
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......Page 271