Toxicological profiles - White Phosphorus

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR WHITE PHOSPHORUS......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 12
LIST OF TABLES......Page 13
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 14
1.1 WHAT ARE WHITE PHOSPHORUS AND WHITE PHOSPHORUS SMOKE?......Page 15
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO WHITE PHOSPHORUS AND WHITE PHOSPHORUS SMOKE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 16
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO WHITE PHOSPHORUS AND WHITE PHOSPHORUS SMOKE?......Page 17
1.5 HOW CAN WHITE PHOSPHORUS AND WHITE PHOSPHORUS SMOKE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 18
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 19
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 20
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 21
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 23
2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 25
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 27
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 29
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 45
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 46
2.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 47
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 48
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 51
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 78
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 80
2.2.3 Dermal Exposure (Nonburn)......Page 83
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 84
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 88
2.2.4.1 Death......Page 89
2.2.4.2 Systemic Effects......Page 90
2.2.4.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 93
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 94
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 96
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 97
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 98
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 99
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 100
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 102
2.3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 103
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 104
2.3.3.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 107
2.3.3.2 Oral Exposure......Page 108
2.3.3.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 109
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 110
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 111
2.4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 112
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 115
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 142
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to White Phosphorus......Page 144
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by White Phosphorus......Page 145
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 147
2.9 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 150
2.9.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 151
2.9.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 152
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 153
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of White Phosphorus......Page 154
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 158
2.10.3 On-going Studies......Page 168
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 169
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 174
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 177
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 179
5.2.1 Air......Page 182
5.2.2 Water......Page 186
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 187
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 189
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 191
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 193
5.4.1 Air......Page 194
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 195
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 196
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 199
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 200
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 201
5.7.2 On-going Studies......Page 204
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 205
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 207
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 211
6.3.2 On-going Studies......Page 212
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 213
8. REFERENCES......Page 216
EPA Health Advisory......Page 232
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL)......Page 233
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)......Page 234
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 235
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 236
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEETS......Page 238
USER'S GUIDE......Page 242
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 249