Toxicological profiles - Toluene

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR TOLUENE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 18
LIST OF TABLES......Page 20
1.1 WHAT IS TOLUENE?......Page 22
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO TOLUENE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 23
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO TOLUENE?......Page 24
1.4 HOW CAN TOLUENE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 25
1.5 HOW CAN TOLUENE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 26
1.6 HOW CAN TOLUENE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 27
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO TOLUENE?......Page 29
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 30
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 31
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 33
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 34
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 35
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 79
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 81
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 94
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 97
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 100
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 102
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 104
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 105
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 118
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 119
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 120
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 121
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 122
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 123
2.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 125
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 126
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 127
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 128
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 130
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 133
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 139
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 141
2.3.5 Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 142
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 149
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 150
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 154
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 155
2.6 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION......Page 170
2.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 176
2.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 180
2.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Toluene......Page 181
2.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Toluene......Page 182
2.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 183
2.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 187
2.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 188
2.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 189
2.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Toluene......Page 190
2.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 193
2.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 201
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 205
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 209
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 214
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 217
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 218
5.2.2 Water......Page 224
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 225
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 227
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 228
5.4.1 Air......Page 229
5.4.2 Water......Page 233
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 234
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 238
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 240
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 241
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 245
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 247
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 250
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 258
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 259
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 260
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 261
8. REFERENCES......Page 271
Case Report......Page 351
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 352
Modifying Factor (MF)......Page 353
Pharmacokinetic Model......Page 354
Reproductive Toxicity......Page 355
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 356
Xenobiotic......Page 357
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 358
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET(S)......Page 361
USER'S GUIDE......Page 371
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 380