Toxicological profiles - Tetrachloroethylene

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR TETRACHLOROETHYLENE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1.1 WHAT IS TETRACHLOROETHYLENE?......Page 13
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO TETRACHLOROETHYLENE?......Page 14
1.4  HOW CAN TETRACHLOROETHYLENE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 16
1.5 HOW CAN TETRACHLOROETHYLENE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 17
1.6 IS THERE AMEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO TETRACHLOROETHYLENE?......Page 18
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO  PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 19
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 20
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE O FEXPOSURE......Page 22
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 24
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 25
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 54
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 61
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 64
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 65
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 66
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 71
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 72
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 90
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 91
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 92
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 93
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 94
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 96
2.2.3.4 NeurologicalEffects......Page 98
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 99
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 100
2.3.1.3 Derma lExposure......Page 102
2.3.2 Distribution......Page 104
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 107
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 109
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 115
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 117
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 118
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 119
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 125
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 128
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 153
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene......Page 154
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Tetrachloroethylene......Page 156
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 157
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 159
2.9.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 160
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 161
2.10 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 162
2.10.1 Existing Informationon Health Effects of Tetrachloroethylene......Page 163
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 165
2.10.3 On-going Studies......Page 179
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 180
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 183
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 185
4.3 USE......Page 188
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 189
5.2.1 Air......Page 190
5.2.2 Water......Page 192
5.2.3 Soil......Page 195
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 196
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 199
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 200
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 201
5.4.1 Air......Page 202
5.4.2 Water......Page 204
5.4.4OtherEnvironmentalMedia......Page 206
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 207
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 213
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 214
5.7.2 On-going Studies......Page 218
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 219
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 224
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 230
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 231
6.3.2 On-going Studies......Page 233
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 234
8. REFERENCES......Page 241
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 281
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (K ) ow......Page 282
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 283
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 285
USER'S GUIDE......Page 295
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 302