Toxicological profiles - Sulfdio

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS SULFUR DIOXIDE?......Page 21
1.4 HOW CAN SULFUR DIOXIDE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 22
1.5 HOW CAN SULFUR DIOXIDE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 23
1.6 HOW CAN SULFUR DIOXIDE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 24
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO SULFUR DIOXIDE?......Page 27
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 28
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 29
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 31
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 33
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 49
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 63
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 65
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 66
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 67
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 68
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 70
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 71
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 72
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 73
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 74
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 75
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 78
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 80
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 85
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 86
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 103
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 110
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Sulfur Dioxide......Page 111
2.7.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Sulfur Dioxide......Page 112
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 113
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 116
2.10.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 118
2.11 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 119
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 120
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 130
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 131
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 135
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 136
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 137
5.2.1 Air......Page 139
5.2.2 Water......Page 140
5.2.3 Soil......Page 141
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 142
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 143
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 145
5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 146
5.4.1 Air......Page 147
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 148
5.6 EXPOSURE OF CHILDREN......Page 152
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 153
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 154
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 157
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 158
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 166
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 167
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 169
8. REFERENCES......Page 175
Intermediate Exposure......Page 210
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)......Page 211
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 212
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 215
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 217
USER'S GUIDE......Page 221
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 229