Toxicological profiles - Selenium

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR SELENIUM......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT IS SELENIUM?......Page 16
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO SELENIUM WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 18
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO SELENIUM?......Page 19
1.4 HOW CAN SELENIUM ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 20
1.5 HOW CAN SELENIUM AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 21
1.6 HOW CAN SELENIUM AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 23
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO SELENIUM?......Page 24
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 26
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO SELENIUM IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 28
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 30
Oral MRLs......Page 35
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 38
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 39
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 41
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 45
3.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 50
3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 51
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 91
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 95
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 113
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 116
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 120
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 123
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 126
3.2.3.1 Death......Page 133
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 134
3.2.3.7 Cancer......Page 135
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 137
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 145
3.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 153
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 154
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 156
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 157
3.4.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 160
3.4.3 Metabolism......Page 161
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 169
3.4.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 171
3.4.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 172
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 173
Patterson et al. (1989) Selenite Model......Page 174
Swanson et al. (1991) Selenomethionine Model......Page 179
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 181
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 182
3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 183
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 187
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 190
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Selenium......Page 191
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Selenium......Page 194
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 195
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 199
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 200
3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 201
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 202
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Selenium......Page 203
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 207
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect.......Page 212
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 216
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 222
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 233
5.3 USE......Page 234
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 240
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 241
6.2.1 Air......Page 243
6.2.2 Water......Page 248
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 249
6.3.2.1 Air......Page 252
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 253
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 254
6.4.1 Air......Page 255
6.4.2 Water......Page 256
6.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 257
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 258
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 262
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 281
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 282
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 283
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 287
7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 289
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 298
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 300
Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect.......Page 301
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 302
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 303
9. REFERENCES......Page 316
Case-Control Study......Page 406
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 407
Modifying Factor (MF)......Page 408
Pharmacokinetics......Page 409
Reproductive Toxicity......Page 410
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 411
Xenobiotic......Page 412
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 413
USER'S GUIDE......Page 418
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 425