Lipospheres in Drug Targets and Delivery: Approaches, Methods, and Applications

Cover......Page 1
Lipospheres in Drug Targets and Delivery: Approaches, Methods, and Applications......Page 3
ISBN-13: 9780849316920......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Editor......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Table of Contents......Page 11
CONTENTS......Page 12
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO COLLOIDAL DRUG CARRIERS......Page 13
1.3 FROM NANOEMULSIONS TO NANOPELLETS: SLN — HISTORY AND SCOPE......Page 14
1.4.2.1 High-Shear Homogenization and Ultrasound......Page 15
1.4.2.2.1 Hot Homogenization......Page 16
1.4.2.3 SLN Prepared by Solvent Emulsification/Evaporation......Page 17
1.4.2.6 Comparison of Different Formulation Procedures......Page 18
1.4.2.7.1 Influence of the Lipid......Page 20
1.4.2.7.2 Influence of the Emulsifier......Page 21
1.4.3 STERILIZATION......Page 22
1.4.4 STABILIZATION BY DRYING......Page 23
1.5 CHARACTERIZATION OF SLN......Page 25
1.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SLN AND NLC......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 29
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 34
2.2 MELT DISPERSION TECHNIQUE......Page 35
2.2.1 EFFECT OF THE STIRRING CONDITIONS......Page 41
2.2.2 EFFECT OF THE STABILIZER TYPE AND CONCENTRATION......Page 42
2.3 SOLVENT EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE......Page 44
2.4 DRUG-CONTAINING LS......Page 46
2.5 IN VITRO DRUG RELEASE......Page 48
2.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 50
3.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 52
3.2 PARTICLE SIZE......Page 53
3.2.1 PHOTON CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY......Page 54
3.2.2 LASER LIGHT SCATTERING......Page 55
3.3 ZETA POTENTIAL......Page 57
3.4 CRYSTALLINITY AND POLYMORPHISM......Page 58
3.4.1 DSC......Page 60
3.4.2 X-RAY DIFFRACTION......Page 61
3.5.1 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY......Page 64
3.5.3 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY......Page 68
3.6 INTERACTION WITH INCORPORATED DRUGS......Page 69
3.7 CONCLUSION......Page 71
REFERENCES......Page 72
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 78
4.2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 80
4.2.2 PROTEIN STABILITY DURING FORMULATION PROCEDURES......Page 81
4.3.1 PREPARATION METHODS......Page 82
4.3.1.2 Multiple Microemulsion......Page 83
4.3.1.3 Cosolvent Method......Page 84
4.3.2.1 Preparation Method......Page 85
4.3.2.2 Phospholipid Content......Page 86
4.3.3 STABILITY OF PROTEIN DRUGS DURING PREPARATION......Page 88
4.4.1 CLASSIC LIPOSPHERES......Page 89
4.4.2 POLYMER LIPOSPHERES......Page 91
4.5 CONCLUSION......Page 92
REFERENCES......Page 95
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 98
5.2.1 FORMULATIONS......Page 99
5.2.2 ANTIGENS......Page 101
5.2.3 ADJUVANTS......Page 102
5.3.1 EFFECT OF LIPOSPHERE FAT COMPOSITION......Page 103
5.3.4 EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION......Page 104
5.4.1 ADJUVANT ACTIVITY OF LIPID A......Page 105
5.5 POLYMERIC BIODEGRADABLE LIPOSPHERE VACCINES......Page 106
5.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 107
REFERENCES......Page 108
CONTENTS......Page 111
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 112
6.2.1 ON CYTOTOXICITY......Page 113
6.2.2 ON BIODEGRADATION......Page 115
6.3.1 ON CYTOTOXICITY......Page 117
6.3.2 ON BIODEGRADATION......Page 118
6.3.3 ON I N VITRO TRANSFECTION EFFICACY......Page 120
6.4.1 ON CYTOTOXICITY......Page 121
6.4.2 ON BIODEGRADATION......Page 126
6.4.3 ON IN VITRO TRANSFECTION EFFICACY......Page 128
6.6 MECHANISM OF UPTAKE AND FATE IN THE CELL......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 132
CONTENTS......Page 136
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 137
7.3.3 SLN PREPARED BY SOLVENT EMULSIFICATION /EVAPORATION......Page 138
7.4 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS: NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS......Page 139
7.5.1 MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE SIZE , PARTICLE SHAPE , AND ZETA POTENTIAL......Page 140
7.5.2 DETERMINATION OF CRYSTALLINITY AND LIPID MODIFICATIONS......Page 141
7.6 DRUG RELEASE......Page 142
7.7 STORAGE STABILITY......Page 143
7.9 METHODS FOR EVALUATING CUTANEOUS UPTAKE......Page 144
7.10.3 INFLUENCE OF CARRIER SYSTEMS ON EPIDERMAL INPUT AND SKIN PERMEATION......Page 145
7.10.5 ANTIACNE DRUGS AND COSMETICS......Page 146
7.10.7 COLLOIDAL CARRIERS IN COSMETICS......Page 147
REFERENCES......Page 148
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 152
8.2 NUCLEIC ACID STABILITY: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND IMPROVEMENT......Page 154
8.3.1 MATERIALS AND PREPARATION METHODS......Page 156
8.3.2 FORMATION OF CLS/DNA COMPLEX......Page 157
8.4 CYTOTOXICITY OF NUCLEIC ACIDS FROM CLS......Page 160
8.5 TRANSFECTION EFFICIENCY......Page 162
REFERENCES......Page 165