Toxicological profiles - Otto Fuels Ii

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR  OTTO FUELS II......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
PEER REVIEW......Page 6
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1.1 WHAT ARE OTTO FUEL II AND ITS COMPONENTS?......Page 13
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO OTTO FUEL ll AND ITS COMPONENTS?......Page 14
1.5 HOW CAN OTTO FUEL ll AND ITS COMPONENTS AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 15
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO OTTO FUEL II AND ITS COMPONENTS?......Page 16
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 17
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 18
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 19
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 39
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 40
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 41
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 42
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 43
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 50
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 52
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 53
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 54
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 55
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 67
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 68
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 69
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 70
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 71
2.3.3.2 Oral Exposure......Page 72
2.3.3.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 73
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 74
2.3.5 Mechanisms of Action......Page 75
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 76
2.5 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 87
2.5.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Otto Fuel ll and Its Components......Page 88
2.5.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Otto Fuel ll and Its> Components......Page 89
2.6 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 90
2.7 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 91
2.8.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 92
2.8.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects.......Page 93
2.9.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Otto Fuel and Its Components......Page 94
2.9.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 99
2.9.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 107
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 108
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 112
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 113
5.2.1 Air......Page 114
5.2.2 Water......Page 115
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 116
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 117
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 119
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 120
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 121
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 123
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 127
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 134
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 135
8. REFERENCES......Page 138
Chronic Exposure......Page 148
Malformations......Page 149
Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL)......Page 150
User’s Guide......Page 151
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......Page 156