Toxicological profiles - Mustard Gas

DRAFT TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR MUSTARD GAS......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
CONTENTS......Page 13
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS MUSTARD GAS?......Page 21
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO MUSTARD GAS WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 22
1.5 HOW CAN MUSTARD GAS AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 23
1.6 HOW CAN MUSTARD GAS AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 24
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 25
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 26
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 29
Inhalation MRLs......Page 31
Oral MRLs......Page 33
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 37
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 38
3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 39
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 40
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 41
3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 52
3.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 53
3.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 54
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 55
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 59
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 60
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 70
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 71
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 72
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 73
3.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 78
3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 79
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 80
3.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 85
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 86
3.4.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 87
3.4.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 88
3.4.3.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 90
3.4.4 Elimination and Excretion......Page 91
3.4.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 92
3.4.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 93
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 94
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 97
3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 104
3.6 Toxicities Mediated Through the Neuroendocrine Axis......Page 105
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 108
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 111
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Mustard Gas......Page 112
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Mustard Gas......Page 114
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 115
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 116
3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 117
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 120
3.12 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 122
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 124
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect.......Page 128
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 130
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 133
5.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 139
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 141
6.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 145
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 147
6.3.2.1 Air......Page 148
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 149
6.4.1 Air......Page 152
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 153
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 154
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 155
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 157
7.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 158
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 161
Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect.......Page 165
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 166
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 167
9. REFERENCES......Page 174
Case-Control Study......Page 209
Half-life......Page 210
Minimal Risk Level (MRL)......Page 211
Pharmacokinetics......Page 212
Reportable Quantity (RQ)......Page 213
Toxic Dose(50) (TD50)......Page 214
Xenobiotic......Page 215
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 216
USER'S GUIDE......Page 227
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 234