Toxicological profiles - Methoxychlor

ATSDR TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR METHOXYCHLOR......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
3-1 Levels of Significant Exposure to Methoxychlor - Inhalation......Page 52
3-2 Proposed Metabolic Pathways of Methoxychlor......Page 93
3-3 Conceptual Representation of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model for a Hypothetical Chemical Substance......Page 103
3-4 Existing Information on Health Effects of Methoxychlor......Page 132
6-1 Frequency of NPL Sites With Methoxychlor Contamination......Page 162
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
3-1 Levels of Significant Exposure to Methoxychlor - Oral......Page 40
3-2 Levels of Significant Exposure to Methoxychlor - Dermal......Page 78
3-3 Genotoxicity of Methoxychlor In Vivo......Page 82
3-4 Genotoxicity of Methoxychlor In Vitro......Page 83
3-5 Ongoing Studies on the Health Effects of Methoxychlor......Page 152
4-1 Chemical Identity of Methoxychlor......Page 154
4-2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Methoxychlor......Page 156
5-1 Facilities that Produce, Process, or Use Methoxychlor......Page 159
6-1 Releases to the Environment from Facilities that Produce, Process, or Use Methoxychlor......Page 164
7-1 Analytical Methods for Determining Methoxychlor in Biological Samples......Page 189
7-2 Analytical Methods for Determining Methoxychlor in Environmental Samples......Page 191
8-1 Regulations and Guidelines Applicable to Methoxychlor......Page 197
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 16
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO METHOXYCHLOR WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 17
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO METHOXYCHLOR?......Page 18
1.5 HOW CAN METHOXYCHLOR AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 20
1.6 HOW CAN METHOXYCHLOR AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 22
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO METHOXYCHLOR?......Page 23
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO METHOXYCHLOR?......Page 24
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 25
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 26
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO METHOXYCHLOR IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 27
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 28
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS (MRLs)......Page 31
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 33
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 34
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 35
3.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 36
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 37
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 38
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 60
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 61
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 63
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 71
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 75
3.2.3.1 Death......Page 76
3.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 79
3.2.3.7 Cancer......Page 80
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 81
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 85
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 86
3.4.2 Distribution......Page 87
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 88
3.4.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 90
3.4.3 Metabolism......Page 91
3.4.4 Elimination and Excretion......Page 99
3.4.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 100
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 101
3.5 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 102
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 104
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 105
3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 110
3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 112
3.7 CHILDREN'S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 118
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 123
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Methoxychlor......Page 124
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Methoxychlor......Page 126
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 127
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 128
3.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 129
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 130
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Methoxychlor......Page 131
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 133
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 151
4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY......Page 153
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 155
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 157
5.3 USE......Page 158
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 160
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 161
6.2.1 Air......Page 163
6.2.3 Soil......Page 165
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 166
6.3.2 Transformation and Degradation......Page 168
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 169
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 170
6.3.2.4 Other Media......Page 171
6.4.2 Water......Page 172
6.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 173
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 174
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 175
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 177
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 179
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 180
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 186
7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 187
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 188
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 190
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 193
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 195
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 196
9. REFERENCES......Page 204
Case-Control Study......Page 250
Incidence......Page 251
Mortality......Page 252
Physiologically Based Pharmacodynamic (PBPD) Model......Page 253
Retrospective Study......Page 254
Toxicokinetic......Page 255
Xenobiotic......Page 256
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 257
USER'S GUIDE......Page 266
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 273