Toxicological profiles - Mercury

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR MERCURY......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS MERCURY?......Page 21
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO MERCURY WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 24
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO MERCURY?......Page 26
1.4 HOW CAN MERCURY ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 31
1.5 HOW CAN MERCURY AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 32
1.6 HOW CAN MERCURY AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 36
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO MERCURY?......Page 39
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO MERCURY?......Page 45
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 46
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 47
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 49
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 51
2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 53
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 54
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 63
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 75
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 78
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 87
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 89
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 92
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 94
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 95
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 126
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 144
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 145
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 159
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 162
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 174
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 176
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 177
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 178
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 182
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 183
2.3.1 Absorption......Page 184
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 185
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 186
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 191
2.3.1.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 192
2.3.2 Distribution......Page 193
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 194
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 197
2.3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 203
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 204
2.3.4 Elimination and Excretion......Page 207
2.3.5 Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 217
2.3.5.2 Mercury PBPK Model Comparison......Page 218
2.3.5.3 Discussion of Models......Page 221
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 233
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 236
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 245
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 246
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 332
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 342
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Mercury......Page 343
2.7.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Mercury......Page 348
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 355
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 359
2.10 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 361
2.10.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 362
2.10.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 363
2.10.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 366
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Mercury......Page 367
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 374
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 391
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 397
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 405
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 409
4.3 USE......Page 410
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 412
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 414
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 415
5.2.1 Air......Page 422
5.2.2 Water......Page 427
5.2.3 Soil......Page 433
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 435
5.3.2 Transformation and Degradation......Page 443
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 444
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 448
5.4.1 Air......Page 449
5.4.2 Water......Page 452
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 453
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 456
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 473
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 502
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 513
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 526
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 532
6. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 537
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 538
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 546
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 556
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 557
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 558
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 561
8. REFERENCES......Page 577
Case Report......Page 660
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 661
Modifying Factor (MF)......Page 662
Pharmacokinetic Model......Page 663
Reportable Quantity (RQ)......Page 664
Toxicokinetic......Page 665
Xenobiotic......Page 666
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 668
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 673
USER'S GUIDE......Page 693
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 701