Toxicological profiles - Hexachloroethane

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR HEXACHLOROETHANE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 11
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 7
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 15
LIST OF TABLES......Page 17
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 19
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO HEXACHLOROETHANE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 20
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO HEXACHLOROETHANE?......Page 22
1.5 HOW CAN HEXACHLOROETHANE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 23
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 25
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 26
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 27
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 29
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 37
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 42
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 43
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 44
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 45
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 46
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 63
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 64
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 65
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 67
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 71
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 72
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 73
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 74
2.3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 75
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 76
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 79
2.4 Mechanisms of Action......Page 80
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 81
Minimal Risk Levels for Hexachloroethane......Page 83
Systemic Effects......Page 86
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 95
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Hexachloroethane......Page 96
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Hexachloroethane......Page 97
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 98
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 99
2.9.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 100
2.10 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 101
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Hexachloroethane......Page 102
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 103
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect......Page 110
2.10.3 On-going Studies......Page 112
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 114
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 118
4.3 USE......Page 120
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 121
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 122
5.2.1 Air......Page 124
5.2.3 Soil......Page 126
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 127
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 128
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 129
5.4.2 Water......Page 130
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 131
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 132
5.7.2 On-going Studies......Page 134
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 136
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 137
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 142
6.3.2 On-going Studies......Page 143
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 145
8. REFERENCES......Page 149
Immunologic Toxicity......Page 162
q1*......Page 163
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 164
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 166
USER'S GUIDE......Page 176
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 184