Toxicological profiles - Hexachlorobenzene

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR HEXACHLOROBENZENE......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT IS HEXACHLOROBENZENE?......Page 16
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO HEXACHLOROBENZENE?......Page 17
1.4 HOW CAN HEXACHLOROBENZENE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 18
1.5 HOW CAN HEXACHLOROBENZENE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 19
1.6 HOW CAN HEXACHLOROBENZENE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 20
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO HEXACHLOROBENZENE?......Page 22
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN......Page 23
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 24
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 25
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO HEXACHLOROBENZENE IN......Page 26
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 27
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS (MRLs)......Page 31
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 37
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 39
3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 48
3.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 49
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 50
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 51
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 53
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 112
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 116
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 119
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 124
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 128
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 133
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 135
3.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 141
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 143
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 147
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 148
3.4.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 153
3.4.3.2 Oral Exposure......Page 154
3.4.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 158
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 159
3.4.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 161
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 162
3.4.5.2 Hexachlorobenzene PBPK Model Comparison......Page 163
3.4.5.3 Discussion of Models......Page 165
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 167
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 170
3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 173
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 175
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 178
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Hexachlorobenzene......Page 179
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 181
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 185
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 186
3.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 187
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 188
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Hexachlorobenzene......Page 190
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 191
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 204
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 206
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 209
5.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 210
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 212
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 214
6.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 217
6.2.1 Air......Page 218
6.2.2 Water......Page 222
6.2.3 Soil......Page 224
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 226
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 232
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 234
6.4.1 Air......Page 235
6.4.2 Water......Page 238
6.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 239
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 241
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 251
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 256
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 260
6.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 263
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 264
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 270
7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 271
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 275
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 282
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 283
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 285
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 286
9. REFERENCES......Page 293
Case Report......Page 368
Half- life......Page 369
Malformations......Page 370
Pharmacokinetic Model......Page 371
Reportable Quantity......Page 372
Toxicokinetic......Page 373
Xenobiotic......Page 374
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 375
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 377
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 379
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 382
USER'S GUIDE......Page 386
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 393