Toxicological profiles - Formaldehyde

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR FORMALDEHYDE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS FORMALDEHYDE?......Page 21
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO FORMALDEHYDE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 22
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO FORMALDEHYDE?......Page 23
1.5 HOW CAN FORMALDEHYDE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 24
1.6 HOW CAN FORMALDEHYDE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 25
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO FORMALDEHYDE?......Page 26
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 27
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 28
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 29
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 31
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 32
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 91
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 99
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 102
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 104
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 105
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 109
2.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 132
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 133
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 154
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 164
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 165
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 166
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 168
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 169
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 170
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 173
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 174
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 182
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 183
2.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 184
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 185
2.3.1 Absorption......Page 186
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 187
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 188
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 190
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 192
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 194
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 195
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 196
2.3.3.1 Inhalation Exposure.......Page 197
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 201
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 202
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 203
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 204
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 210
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 213
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 217
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 219
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 248
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 251
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Formaldehyde......Page 252
2.7.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Formaldehyde......Page 255
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 256
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 258
2.10 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 259
2.10.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 260
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Formaldehyde......Page 261
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 264
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 285
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 289
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 293
4.3 USE......Page 298
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 302
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 305
5.2.1 Air......Page 309
5.2.2 Water......Page 316
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 317
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 318
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 320
5.4.1 Air......Page 321
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 326
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 327
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 330
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 332
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 333
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 336
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 339
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 342
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 349
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 352
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 355
8. REFERENCES......Page 365
Case Report......Page 439
Genotoxicity......Page 440
Malformations......Page 441
Pharmacokinetics......Page 442
Reference Concentration (RfC)......Page 443
Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)......Page 444
Xenobiotic......Page 445
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 446
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 448
USER'S GUIDE......Page 462
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 470