Toxicological profiles - Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 13
1.1 WHAT ARE ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL?......Page 14
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL WHEN THEY ENTER THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 15
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL?......Page 16
1.4 HOW CAN ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 17
1.5 HOW CAN ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 18
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 19
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 20
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 21
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 22
2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 24
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 25
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 38
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 39
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 40
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 41
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 42
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 45
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 76
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 77
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 80
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 82
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 84
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 85
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 94
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 96
2.2.3.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 97
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 98
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 99
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 100
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 102
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 103
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 108
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 109
2.3.5 Mechanism of Action......Page 110
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 112
2.5 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 134
2.5.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Ethylene Glycol or Propylene Glycol......Page 135
2.5.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Ethylene Glycol or Propylene Glycol......Page 137
2.6 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 138
2.7 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 140
2.8.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 141
2.8.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 142
2.9 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 143
2.9.1Existing Information on Health Effects of Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol......Page 144
2.9.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 149
2.9.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 166
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 169
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 172
4.3 USE......Page 176
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 178
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 181
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 186
5.2.1Air......Page 187
5.2.2 Water......Page 191
5.2.3 Soil......Page 193
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 194
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 196
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 198
5.4.1 Air......Page 199
5.4.2 Water......Page 200
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 201
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 202
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 203
5.7 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 204
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 205
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 211
6. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 212
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 216
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 219
6.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF DATA NEEDS......Page 224
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 226
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 227
8. REFERENCES......Page 235
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 270
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL)......Page 271
Time-Weighted Average (TWA)......Page 272
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 273
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 274
USER'S GUIDE......Page 282
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 289