Toxicological profiles - Chlorophenols

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHLOROPHENOLS......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT ARE CHLOROPHENOLS?......Page 21
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO CHLOROPHENOLS WHEN THEY ENTER THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 22
1.4 HOW CAN CHLOROPHENOLS ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 23
1.5 HOW CAN CHLOROPHENOLS AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 24
1.6 HOW CAN CHLOROPHENOLS AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 25
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO CHLOROPHENOLS?......Page 26
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 28
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 29
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 31
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 35
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 36
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 40
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 41
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 42
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 44
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 80
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 81
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 0
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 84
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 87
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 89
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 90
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 94
2.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 95
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 96
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 97
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 98
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 99
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 100
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 101
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 102
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 105
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 106
2.3.5 Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 107
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 109
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 111
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 113
2.6 CHILDREN ’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 135
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 138
2.7.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Chlorophenols......Page 139
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 140
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 141
2.10.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 143
2.10.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 144
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Chlorophenols......Page 145
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 148
2.11.3 On-going Studies......Page 156
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 158
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 164
4.3 USE......Page 166
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 167
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 168
5.2.1 Air......Page 170
5.2.2 Water......Page 172
5.2.3 Soil......Page 173
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 174
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 178
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 179
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 184
5.4.1 Air......Page 185
5.4.2 Water......Page 186
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 187
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 188
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 189
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 192
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 193
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 194
5.8.2 On-going Studies......Page 198
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 200
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 205
Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect......Page 211
6.3.2 On-going Studies......Page 212
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 213
8. REFERENCES......Page 220
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 247
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL)......Page 248
Toxic Dose (TD50)......Page 249
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 250
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 251
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 253
USER'S GUIDE......Page 257
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 269