Toxicological profiles - Chloromethane

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHLOROMETHANE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS CHLOROMETHANE?......Page 21
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO CHLOROMETHANE WHEN IT ENTERS THE......Page 22
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO CHLOROMETHANE?......Page 23
1.5 HOW CAN CHLOROMETHANE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 25
1.6 HOW CAN CHLOROMETHANE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 27
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO......Page 28
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 29
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 30
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 33
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 35
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 40
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 83
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 84
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 95
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 101
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 102
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 103
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 104
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 105
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 108
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 109
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 112
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 113
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 114
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 115
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 119
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 120
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 123
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 127
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 146
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 150
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Chloromethane......Page 151
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 152
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 153
2.10 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 154
2.10.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 155
2.11 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 156
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Chloromethane......Page 157
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 159
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 168
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 170
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 173
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 177
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 179
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 181
5.2.1 Air......Page 183
5.2.2 Water......Page 188
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 189
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 191
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 192
5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 193
5.4.1 Air......Page 194
5.4.2 Water......Page 197
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 200
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 201
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 202
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 203
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 204
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 207
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 208
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 210
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 215
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 216
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 217
8. REFERENCES......Page 227
Case Report......Page 259
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 260
Modifying Factor (MF)......Page 261
Pharmacokinetics......Page 262
Reference Dose (RfD)......Page 263
Toxic Dose(TD50)......Page 264
Xenobiotic......Page 265
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 267
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 269
USER'S GUIDE......Page 279
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 287