Toxicological profiles - Benzidine

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR BENZIDINE......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWARD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
CONTENTS......Page 13
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 18
LIST OF TABLES......Page 20
1.1 WHAT IS BENZIDINE ?......Page 22
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO BENZIDINE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 23
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO BENZIDINE?......Page 24
1.5 HOW CAN BENZIDINE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 25
1.6 HOW CAN BENZIDINE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 26
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO BENZIDINE?......Page 27
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 28
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 30
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO BENZIDINE IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 32
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 33
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 34
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 36
3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 37
3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 38
3.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 39
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 40
3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 47
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 50
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 59
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 60
3.2.3.1 Death......Page 63
3.2.3.7 Cancer......Page 64
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 65
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 74
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 75
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 76
3.4.2 Distribution......Page 77
3.4.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 78
3.4.3 Metabolism......Page 79
3.4.4 Elimination and Excretion......Page 85
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 86
3.4.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 87
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 88
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 90
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 92
3.6 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION......Page 97
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 98
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 101
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Benzidine......Page 102
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Benzidine......Page 105
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 107
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 108
3.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 111
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 112
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Benzidine......Page 115
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 118
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 133
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 135
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 139
5.3 USE......Page 140
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 141
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 143
6.2.2 Water......Page 144
6.2.3 Soil......Page 147
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 148
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 150
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 151
6.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 153
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 154
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 155
6.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 157
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 158
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 160
7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 162
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 164
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 172
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 173
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 174
9. REFERENCES......Page 180
10. GLOSSARY......Page 228
APPENDIX A:  ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 236
APPENDIX B: USER'S GUIDE......Page 238
APPENDIX C: ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 246
APPENDIX D: INDEX......Page 252