Toxicological profiles - 1,2-dichloroethane

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR 1,2- DICHLOROETHANE......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT IS 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE?......Page 16
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE WHEN IT ENTERS THE......Page 17
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE?......Page 18
1.5 HOW CAN 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 19
1.6 HOW CAN 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 21
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO......Page 22
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO......Page 23
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 25
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE IN......Page 26
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 27
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 33
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 36
3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 38
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 52
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 53
3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 59
3.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 60
3.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 61
3.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 62
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 63
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 65
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 88
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 96
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 97
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 98
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 99
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 100
3.2.3.1 Death......Page 102
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 103
3.3 GENOTOXIC EFFECTS......Page 104
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 111
3.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 112
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 113
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 114
3.4.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 115
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 116
3.4.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 117
3.4.3 Metabolism......Page 118
3.4.3.2 Oral Exposure......Page 121
3.4.3.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 122
3.4.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 123
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 124
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 126
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 130
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 131
3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 132
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 133
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 138
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to 1,2-Dichloroethane......Page 139
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by 1,2-Dichloroethane......Page 141
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 142
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 145
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 146
3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 147
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 148
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of 1,2-Dichloroethane......Page 149
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 152
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 173
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 174
5.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 178
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 181
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 182
6.2.2 Water......Page 184
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 187
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 189
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 191
6.4.1 Air......Page 192
6.4.2 Water......Page 194
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 195
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 196
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 199
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 200
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 201
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 204
7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 205
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 207
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 212
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 213
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 214
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 215
9. REFERENCES......Page 221
Case Report......Page 268
Half- life......Page 269
Minimal Risk Level (MRL)......Page 270
Pharmacokinetic Model......Page 271
Reportable Quantity (RQ)......Page 272
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 273
Xenobiotic......Page 274
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 275
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEETS......Page 277
USER'S GUIDE......Page 283
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 290