Towards Water Secure Societies: Coping with Water Scarcity and Quality Challenges

About This Issue
	About Conference Series: Water Security and Climate Change (WSCC)
	Water Security as a 21st Century Challenge for Science, Politic and Society
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Introduction
	1 Water Scarcity in the International Development Discourse
		1.1 Water Resources Under Pressure
		1.3 Paradigm Shift in Water Management
		1.4 Water Scarcity is Local
		1.5 Research Demand at Local Scales: Water Scarcity Addressed in This Volume
	2 Main Content of the Chapters
		2.1 Water Security Assessment Framework
		2.2 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
		2.3 Evidence-Based Adaptation to Water Scarcity in Agriculture
		2.4 River Ecosystems: Monitoring of Sediment Concentration and Transport Using Satellite-Based Products
		2.5 Key Recommendations for Addressing Water Scarcity
	References
2 Water Security Assessment for the Red River Basin, Vietnam
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Data Collection and Discussions
		3.1 Data Collection
		3.2 Water Availability
		3.3 Water Productivity
		3.4 Water-Related Disasters
		3.5 Water Health
		3.6 Water Governances
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 Contextualizing Farmers’ Perceptions of Agricultural Wastewater Reuse in Areas of Water Shortage and Contamination: An In-Depth Case Study of Wadi Al-Far’a Watershed—Palestine
	Abstract
	1 Introduction and Current State of Research
	2 Research Design and Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion: Offering a Conceptual Model for Hypothesis Generation
		3.1 Farmers’ Perceptions of Agricultural WWR: Cross-Village and Gender-Based Comparisons
		3.2 Understanding Farmers’ Perceptions of a Salient Agricultural WWR Option
		3.3 Model of Understanding Farmers’ Perceptions of a Salient Agricultural &!blank;WWR Option Proposed in Areas of Water Shortage and Contamination in Conflict Zones
		3.4 Explaining the Palestinian Paradox Between the Hypothetical Support of Agricultural WWR and Opposition to Agricultural WWR Projects
		3.5 Contributions and Limitations
	4 Conclusions and Recommendations
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 On the Importance of Modeling, Optimization, and Control of Anaerobic Degradation Processes for the Treatment of Agricultural Wastewaters: Toward a Biorefinery Challenge
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling
	3 Process Monitoring
	4 Process Control and Optimization
		4.1 Example 1: SISO Regulation of the COD
		4.2 Example 2: MIMO Indirect Servo-Control of Alkalinities
		4.3 Example 3: A Virtually Controlled Observer (VCO) for the Estimation of Process Inputs
	5 Toward the Future: The Biorefinery Challenge
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
5 Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment-via-Dilution for Tala Drain, Nile Delta, Egypt
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data Collection
		3.2 Water Quality Index (WQI)
			3.2.1 CCMEWQI
			3.2.2 NSFWQI
		3.3 Treatment Efficiency
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Water Quality Records
		4.2 Rosetta Branch Water Quality Status
		4.3 Treatment Efficiency
	5 Conclusions
	References
6 Upcoming Challenges of Water Reclamation from Unconventional Sources
	Abstract
	1 Impact of the Climate Change on Water Cycles
	2 Basic Principles of Water Reclamation
	3 Composition of Municipal and Industrial Wastewaters
		3.1 Municipal Wastewater
		3.2 Industrial Wastewater
	4 Wastewater Treatment
		4.1 State-of-the-Art in Municipal Wastewater Treatment
		4.2 Advanced Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
		4.3 Treatment of Industrial Wastewater
	5 Examples of Water Reclamation from Wastewater
		5.1 Orange County, California
		5.2 Singapore’s NEWater Strategy
	6 Summary
	References
7 How Membrane Bioreactor Technology Can Help to Solve Both, German and Russian Wastewater Problems
	Abstract
	1 Impact of Climate Change on Existing Water Problems
		1.1 Present Situation
	2 Biological Wastewater Treatment
		2.1 General Considerations
		2.2 Membrane Bioreactors
	3 Comparison of the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems in Germany and the Russian Federation
		3.1 Wastewater Treatment in the Federal Republic of Germany
		3.2 Wastewater Treatment in the Russian Federation
	4 Technical Aspects of the MBR Technology
		4.1 Membranes and Membrane Modules
		4.2 Performance
		4.3 Design
	5 Application of Membrane Bioreactors
	6 Summary
	References
8 Experiences on Wastewater Treatment and Reuse for Different Types of Industries in Turkey
	Abstract
	1 Introduction and Objective
	2 Wastewater Treatment Methods and System Selection
		2.1 Physical Processes
		2.2 Biological Treatment
			2.2.1 Aerobic Treatment
			2.2.2 Anaerobic Treatment
		2.3 Membrane Processes
		2.4 Treatment System Selection
	3 Treatability Study Results of Industrial Wastewaters
		3.1 Specifications of the Laboratory-Scale Membrane Process
		3.2 Cotton Textile Wastewater
		3.3 Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater
		3.4 Olive Mill Wastewater (OMWW)
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
9 Responses to Water Scarcity Considering Social Determinants: Groundnut Farmers in the Lawra and Nandom Districts, Ghana
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Data Analyses
	3 Results
		3.1 Background Characteristics of Surveyed Farmers
		3.2 Land Access and Ownership
		3.3 Perceptions of Drivers of Vulnerability
		3.4 Differences of Adaptation Strategies Across Different Social Groups
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
10 Temporal Climate Variability and Staple Cereals in Southern Burkina Faso
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Data and Methodology
		2.1 The Study Area
		2.2 Cereal Yield Data
		2.3 Climate Data
	3 Definition of Computed Climatic Descriptors
		3.1 Annual Rainfall and Number of Rainy Days in the Study Period
		3.2 Length of the Growing Period (LGP)
		3.3 Dry Spells, Consecutive Dry Days (CDD), and Sum of Dry Days (TDD)
		3.4 Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) Estimates
		3.5 Cereal Yields Smoothing and Regression Models
	4 Results
		4.1 Rainfall Trends in Cassou Area
		4.2 Length of the Growing Period (LGP) and Dry Spells Distribution
		4.3 Smoothened Cereal Yields to Cater for Non-climatic Influences
	5 Regression Model Parameters and Plots
	6 Discussion
		6.1 Trends and Variability in Climate Descriptors and Annual Cereal Yields
		6.2 Relating Cereal Yields to Climatic Derivatives
	7 Summary and Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
11 Multivariate Standardized Drought Indices to Identify Drought Events: Application in the Maipo River Basin
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Standardized Indices
		2.2 Study Area
		2.3 Data and Data Sources
		2.4 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
		2.5 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)
		2.6 Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSMI)
		2.7 Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI)
		2.8 Drought Propagation
		2.9 Multivariate Autoregressive Model for Standardized Indices
	3 Results
		3.1 Distribution Fitting
		3.2 Drought Propagation
		3.3 Multivariate Autoregressive Model (MAR1)
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Distribution Fitting
		4.2 Drought Propagation
		4.3 Multivariate Autoregressive Model
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
12 Monitoring Small Reservoir Volume by Satellite-Based Data for Drought Management in the Central Region of Vietnam
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Pre-Processing
			2.1.1 Numerical and Geometric Correction
			2.1.2 Noise Reduction
		2.2 Water Surface Detection
		2.3 Reservoir Curve Calculation
		2.4 Development of Automatic Tool
		2.5 Assessment of Tool Performance
	3 Study Area and Data
		3.1 Study Area
		3.2 Data
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
13 Farmers Perception and Salinity Driven Fresh Water Scarcity in Coastal Bangladesh
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Study Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Nature and Extent of Salinity Intrusion from the Perception of Farmers
		3.2 Impacts of Salinity Intrusion
		3.3 Change Detection of Soil Salinity from Remote Sensing Images
	4 Discussions
		4.1 Extent and Impacts of Salinity Intrusion: Fresh Water Scarcity
		4.2 Agricultural Adaptation Measures
		4.3 Integrated Agricultural Adaptation Measures
	5 Conclusions
	References
14 Remote Sensing for Monitoring Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Lower Ganges (Padma) River
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in the Monitoring of SSC
	3 The Ganges–Brahmaputra Rivers System
	4 Data Collection
	5 Satellite Image Processing
	6 Development of SSC—Spectral Reflectance Relationships
	7 Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Variation of SSC in the Lower Ganges River
	8 Conclusions
	References
15 Conclusion
	1 Next Steps for Water Action
		1.1 Water Management in the Anthropocene Requires an Interdisciplinary Approach
		1.2 New Technologies for Evidence-Based Water Management in the Anthropocene
		1.3 Straighten the Role of Local Universities as Knowledge Hubs for Sustainable Development
		1.4 Coordinators of the Science-Policy Dialogue
		1.5 Water Management Requires Local Solutions
		1.6 Establish a Global Database of Local Water Projects
		1.7 Improve the Access of the Water Sector to Climate Finance
		1.8 Water Management as a Crucial Factor for Progress Toward Achieving a Sustainable Future
		1.9 Finally: Governance Matters
	References