Towards a Grammatical Description of Palula (An Indo-Aryan language of the Hindu Kush)

Towards a grammatical description of Palula......Page 3
Dedication......Page 5
Untitled......Page 7
Acknowledgements......Page 13
Abbreviations......Page 15
1.1 Language name......Page 19
1.2.1 Where and by whom the language is spoken......Page 21
1.2.3 Local history and cultural identity......Page 25
1.3.1 Genetic affiliation......Page 29
1.3.2 Areal affinities......Page 36
1.3.3 “Next-door” linguistic neighbours......Page 38
1.3.4 Patterns of language use......Page 40
1.4 Internal variation......Page 42
1.5 Previous research......Page 44
1.6 Current study......Page 45
1.7 Remarks on the transcription......Page 49
2.1 Phonology......Page 51
2.2 Morphology......Page 52
2.3 Syntax......Page 55
3.1 Consonants......Page 58
3.1.1 Distribution and variation......Page 59
3.2 Vowels......Page 63
3.2.1 Distribution and variation......Page 64
3.2.3 The status of diphthongs......Page 65
3.3.1 Syllable structure......Page 67
3.3.2 Consonant clusters......Page 68
3.4.1 Aspiration and breathiness......Page 71
3.4.2 Nasalisation......Page 73
3.4.3 Pitch accent......Page 74
3.5.1 Morphophonemic alternations relating to accent......Page 77
3.5.2 Morphophonemic alternations relating to syllable structure......Page 80
3.5.3 Umlaut......Page 81
4.1 The noun and its properties......Page 83
4.2 Noun morphology......Page 84
4.3 Gender......Page 85
4.3.1 Gender assignment......Page 86
4.3.2 Gender stability and consistency......Page 89
4.4 Number......Page 90
4.4.1 Non-count nouns......Page 91
4.5 Case......Page 92
4.5.1 Nominative case......Page 93
4.5.3 Genitive case......Page 94
4.5.4 Other cases or case-like categories......Page 95
4.6 Declensions......Page 96
4.6.1 a-declension......Page 97
4.6.2 i-declension......Page 101
4.6.3 m-declension......Page 103
4.6.4 Smaller declensions and irregular nouns......Page 105
5.1 Personal pronouns......Page 109
5.2.1 Relationship to the larger pro-form system......Page 112
5.2.2 Demonstratives and third person......Page 113
5.2.3 Exophoric use......Page 117
5.2.4 Anaphoric use......Page 119
5.2.5 Discourse-deictic use......Page 121
5.2.6 Article-like uses......Page 123
5.2.7 Spatial specification......Page 125
5.4 Reflexive pronouns......Page 126
5.6 Indefinite-interrogative pronouns......Page 127
5.7 Relative pronouns......Page 128
6.1 The adjective and its properties......Page 129
6.2.1 Dimensional adjectives......Page 131
6.2.2 Colour adjectives......Page 132
6.2.3 Age adjectives......Page 134
6.2.5 Physical-property adjectives......Page 135
6.2.7 Human-propensity adjectives......Page 136
6.2.8 Adjectival quantifiers......Page 137
6.3.1 Inflectional morphology......Page 138
6.3.2 Substantivisation......Page 140
6.3.4 Derivational morphology......Page 141
6.4.1 Cardinal numerals......Page 142
6.4.2 Substantivised numerals......Page 144
6.4.3 Ordinal numerals......Page 145
7.1.1 Symmetrical adverb sets......Page 146
7.1.2 Spatial adverbs......Page 148
7.1.3 Temporal adverbs......Page 153
7.1.4 Manner adverbs......Page 158
7.1.5 Degree adverbs......Page 159
7.2.1 Postpositions vis-à-vis case inflection......Page 161
7.2.2 Simple postpositions......Page 162
7.2.3 Compound postpositions......Page 171
7.2.4 Postpositional sequences......Page 173
8.1 The verb and its properties......Page 175
8.2 Stems and verb classes......Page 181
8.3.1 Consonant-ending L-verbs......Page 182
8.3.2 a-ending L-verbs......Page 184
8.3.3 e-ending L-verbs......Page 185
8.3.4 Other L-verbs......Page 186
8.3.5 Consonant-ending T-verbs......Page 187
8.3.6 e-ending T-verbs......Page 188
8.3.8 aand-verbs......Page 189
8.3.9 i-ending T-verbs......Page 190
8.3.11 Suppletive verbs......Page 191
8.3.12 Irregular verbs and verbs with highly grammaticalised functions......Page 192
8.4 Inflectional categories......Page 193
8.4.1 Agreement morphology......Page 194
8.4.2 Verb forms derived from the imperfective stem......Page 197
8.4.3 Verb forms derived from the perfective stem......Page 203
8.5.1 Valence addition......Page 204
8.5.2 Valence reduction......Page 208
8.6 Complex predicates......Page 209
8.6.1 Conjunct verbs......Page 210
8.6.2 Compound verbs......Page 212
9.1.1 Basic tense-aspect categories......Page 214
9.1.2 Future......Page 215
9.1.3 Present......Page 216
9.1.4 Perfective (Simple Past)......Page 217
9.1.5 Periphrastic tense-aspect categories......Page 219
9.1.6 Past Imperfective......Page 220
9.1.7 Perfect......Page 221
9.1.8 Pluperfect......Page 224
9.2.1 Imperative......Page 227
9.2.2 Conditional......Page 228
9.2.3 Obligative......Page 229
9.2.4 Hearsay and “quotative”......Page 230
9.3.1 Converb (Conjunctive Participle)......Page 232
9.3.2 Perfective Participle......Page 233
9.3.3 Verbal Noun......Page 234
9.3.4 Agentive Verbal Noun......Page 235
9.3.6 Infinitive......Page 236
10.1.1 Types of noun phrases......Page 238
10.1.2 Modifiers in noun phrases......Page 239
10.1.3 Apposition......Page 243
10.2 Word order in the noun phrase......Page 245
10.3.1 Determiner agreement......Page 247
10.3.2 Adjectival agreement......Page 248
10.3.3 Predicate agreement......Page 250
10.3.4 Extended agreement......Page 251
11.1 Verb agreement......Page 254
11.1.2 Ergative alignment......Page 255
11.2.1 Inflectional case marking......Page 256
11.2.2 Pronominal case differentiation......Page 258
11.3 The split system summarised......Page 259
11.4 Alignment and split features in the region and beyond......Page 260
11.5 The split system and possible explanations......Page 263
12.1 Nonverbal predicates......Page 268
12.1.1 Copular clauses with nominal predicates......Page 269
12.1.2 Copular clauses with adjectival predicates......Page 271
12.1.3 Copular clauses with locative expressions......Page 272
12.1.4 Other copular or copula-like expressions......Page 273
12.2.1 Argument structure and transitivity......Page 275
12.2.2 Simple intransitive verbs......Page 276
12.2.3 Simple transitive verbs......Page 277
12.2.4 Intransitive verbs with an indirect object......Page 278
12.2.5 Transitive verbs with an indirect object......Page 279
12.2.6 Non-standard valence patterns......Page 282
12.2.7 Verbs with clausal complements......Page 285
12.2.8 Valence patterns of conjunct verb constructions......Page 288
13.1 Introduction and overview......Page 299
13.2.1 Conjunction......Page 300
13.2.2 Presection and postsection......Page 306
13.2.3 Disjunction......Page 307
13.2.4 Rejection......Page 308
13.3.1 Same-subject chaining......Page 310
13.3.2 Different-subject chaining......Page 312
13.4 Clauses with adverbial functions......Page 313
13.4.1 Temporality and related functions......Page 314
13.4.2 Purpose......Page 321
13.4.3 Causality......Page 322
13.4.4 Conditionality......Page 325
13.4.5 Clauses with other adverbial functions......Page 331
13.5 Complement clauses......Page 334
13.5.1 Complement-taking PCU predicates......Page 335
13.5.2 Complement-taking modality predicates......Page 342
13.5.3 Complement-taking manipulation predicates......Page 346
13.6 Relative clauses......Page 349
13.6.1 Relative clauses with a full NP......Page 350
13.6.2 Indefinite-conditional relative clauses......Page 351
13.6.3 Gapped relative clauses......Page 352
13.6.4 Gapped relative clauses with a complementiser......Page 354
13.6.5 Pronominal relative clauses......Page 356
13.6.6 Nominalisation and the use of participials......Page 357
13.6.7 Extraposed ki-constructions......Page 359
14.2.1 Polar interrogatives......Page 362
14.2.2 Constituent interrogatives......Page 364
14.2.3 Subordinate interrogative clauses......Page 368
14.3.1 Basic sentence negation......Page 369
14.3.2 Negative pronouns/particles......Page 372
14.3.3 The scope of negation......Page 373
14.3.4 The pragmatics of negation......Page 376
14.4 Switch-topicality......Page 377
References......Page 384