Toward Human-Level Artificial Intelligence: How Neuroscience Can Inform the Pursuit of Artificial General Intelligence or General AI

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part Zero Al Level Setting
	Introduction
	1 AI and Machine Learning
	2 Elements of Neural Networks History
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 From Birth of Neural Networks to an AI Winter
		2.3 Backpropagation
		2.4 Deep Learning
Part One Neuroscience Implications for HLAI
	Introduction
	3 Brain Properties
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 The Neuron
		3.3 Action Potential
		3.4 Dendrites
		3.5 Glial Cells
		3.6 Grid Neurons
		3.7 Mirror Neurons
		3.8 Electrical Communication in the brain: Axons, Dendrites, Nucleus, and Synapses
		3.9 Molecular Communication in the Brain: Neuromodulators and Neurotransmitters
		3.10 Human Memory
		3.11 Brain Lateralization
		3.12 Brain Folds and Neocortex Columnar Structure
		3.13 Early Brain Development
		3.14 Brain Activity, Sparsity, and Normalization
		3.15 Neuron Mixed Selectivity
		3.16 Neural Oscillations
	4 Cognitive Processes
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Cognition
		4.3 Human Consciousness
		4.4 Animal Consciousness
		4.5 Sensory Thinking
		4.6 Vision and The Rules of Perception: Visual Intelligence
	5 Time and Space in the Brain
Part Two Theories, Models, and Algorithms
	Introduction
	6 Theories of Consciousness
	7 Neurorobotics: Embodied AI
	8 Engineered Brain Architectures
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Cognitive Architectures
		8.3 Adaptive Resonance Theory Model of The Brain
		8.4 Harmonic Oscillator Recurrent Neural Networks
		8.5 Numenta AI Models
		8.6 Deep Learning Neural Networks
		8.7 Biologically Plausible Models
		8.8 Hyperdimensional Computing
	9 AI Hardware
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Neuromorphic Processors
		9.3 NeuRRAM Analog Chip
		9.4 Nvidia AI GPUs
		9.5 In Vitro Neurons Learn to Play Pong
Part Three Speculations Toward Human-level AI
	Introduction
	10 The Possibility of Creating HLAI
		10.1 Three Types of HLAI
		10.2 Neuroscience Inspiration
		10.3 Consciousness and HLAI
		10.4 Visual Thinking and Consciousness
		10.5 Brain Lateralization, Visual Processing, and Intelligence
		10.6 Memory in HLAI systems
		10.7 The Executive Seat in the Brain Versus Diffuse Decision Making
	11 Methods to build HLAI
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 The Intelligent Robot as Scientist
		11.3 Evolving intelligent Systems
		11.4 LLM Intelligence and Potential for HLAI
		11.5 The Key Attributes and Tests of an A/HLAI System
	12 Beyond HLAI
Epilogue
Appendix: Notes on the Scientific Method
Glossary
References
Author: Eitan Michael Azoff
Index