Tourism : changes, impacts and opportunities

Cover......Page 1
Tourism: change, impacts and opportunities......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
List of figures......Page 9
List of tables......Page 10
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgements......Page 13
Publisher’s acknowledgements......Page 14
Introduction......Page 16
 Organization......Page 18
 Some research issues......Page 19
 Impact studies......Page 20
 Relationships between leisure, recreation and tourism......Page 23
 Definitions of tourism......Page 26
 Describing tourism: implications for impact assessment......Page 30
 Commentary......Page 32
Frameworks......Page 34
 The dynamic element......Page 37
 The destination element......Page 48
 The consequential element......Page 53
 Tourist decision-making......Page 54
 Purchasing tourist products......Page 57
 The tourist profile......Page 59
 Spatial relationships......Page 64
 Summary and implications......Page 65
Understanding change......Page 67
 Evolving perspectives......Page 69
 Spatial and temporal factors......Page 72
 Destination characteristics......Page 76
 The state of knowledge......Page 77
 Factors contributing to and mediating impacts......Page 80
 Summary......Page 82
Economic consequences......Page 83
 Economic characteristics of the tourism industry......Page 88
 Tourism and economic development......Page 92
 Advantages of tourism......Page 98
 Conditions for development......Page 100
 The realities of tourism and economic development......Page 103
 Economic benefits and costs......Page 104
 Tourism and the balance of payments......Page 105
 Currency flows......Page 117
 Tourism and national economic growth (gross domestic product or gdp)......Page 121
 Economic multipliers......Page 124
 Income generation and the distribution of tourist spending......Page 135
 Tourism and employment......Page 140
 Tourism and entrepreneurial activity......Page 151
 Tourism and economic structure......Page 156
 Economic impacts of special events and specific tourist industry activities......Page 158
 The economic costs of tourism......Page 160
 Economic indicators of the future of tourism......Page 165
 Summary......Page 167
Environmental consequences......Page 169
 Tourism–environment relationships......Page 172
 Tourism and the environment: a symbiotic relationship......Page 175
 Tourism and environment in conflict......Page 183
 Impacts of tourism on ecosystems......Page 202
 Impacts of tourism on built environments......Page 210
 Tourism and competition for resources: tourism in rural areas......Page 228
 Conclusions......Page 232
Social consequences......Page 235
 Tourist–host interrelationships......Page 238
 Social impacts of tourism......Page 241
 Framework for the measurement of social impacts......Page 242
 Tourism and social change: euphoria to xenophobia......Page 247
 Tourism and moral conduct......Page 257
 Tourism and religion......Page 265
 Tourism and language......Page 268
 Tourism and health......Page 270
 Summary......Page 273
 Cultural impacts......Page 274
 Tourism and cultural change......Page 278
 Intercultural communication......Page 282
 Authenticity in the tourist experience......Page 286
 Tourism and material forms of culture......Page 287
 Tourism and non-material forms of culture......Page 295
 Conclusions......Page 299
Sustainable developments......Page 303
 Sustainable development......Page 304
 The status of tourism planning and management......Page 308
 Points, lines and areas......Page 311
 Impact assessment and monitoring......Page 313
 Analysis versus involvement......Page 321
 Community-based tourism, stakeholders and partnerships......Page 322
 An evaluation triangle......Page 323
 Conclusions......Page 326
Conclusions......Page 328
 Planning for tourist impacts......Page 331
 Impact research and planning......Page 332
 Summary......Page 339
References and bibliography......Page 343
Index......Page 405