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دانلود کتاب Torts: Cases, Legislation and Commentary
دانلود کتاب تخلفات: موارد، قانونگذاری و تفسیر
مشخصات کتاب
Torts: Cases, Legislation and Commentary
ویرایش: [9 ed.]
نویسندگان: Harold Luntz. David Hambly
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 9780409352474, 9780409352481
ناشر: LexisNexis
سال نشر: 2021
تعداد صفحات: 2757
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 19 Mb
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 59,000
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فهرست مطالب
Full Title Copyright Preface Table of Cases Table of Statutes Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Injury compensation and the law of torts The size of the problem: some statistics The cost and incidence of injury The severity of injuries Personal injury litigation before and after the Ipp Report The role of the law of torts Collateral benefits Commonwealth income support Enter the law of torts Compulsory insurance A blame society? 2 Property damage and insurance Loss spreading and loss shifting 3 Critique of the fault system Disability Care and Support: Inquiry Report Criminal law a more effective deterrent Search for fault obscures real, remediable cause Monetary compensation helps only individuals 4 Other compensation schemes Workers’ compensation No-fault motor accident insurance Victoria Tasmania Northern Territory New South Wales Australian Capital Territory Criminal injuries compensation Other particular compensation schemes Comprehensive accident compensation schemes New Zealand Australian Woodhouse Report Sickness National Disability Insurance Scheme and the National Injury Insurance Scheme Lawyers need to be familiar with multiple regimes 5 Nature and definition of a tort The protection of interests at common law Unprotected interests Definition of a tort Aims of the law of torts 6 Economic analysis Injuries and injury-prevention costs Externalities and general deterrence Resources allocation and the ‘Coase theorem’ Criticism of the economic approach 7 Gender, tort law and feminist legal theory A Lawyer’s Primer on Feminist Theory and Tort Women and tort law reforms 8 Disability, age, race, Indigenous Australians and tort Disability jurisprudence and tort law Race, Indigenous Australians and tort law Age and tort law 9 Corrective justice, rights and tort law and other theories Some other legal theories Chapter 2 Negligence: Duty of Care 1 Elements of the tort of negligence The duty concept 2 The search for principle Donoghue v Stevenson Subsequent developments Current Australian test Sullivan v Moody 3 The meaning of reasonable foreseeability Chapman v Hearse Level of abstraction Reasonable person in the position of the defendant Degree of probability Comparison with breach and remoteness The unforeseeable plaintiff Sydney Water Corporation v Turano Cases establishing the principle Asbestos exposure of non-employees 4 Proximity of relationship Intermediate examination Voli v Inglewood Shire Council Other lack of proximity Agar v Hyde Conflict with statutory duty Hunter and New England Local Health District v McKenna 5 Scope (or content) of the duty Uncertainty as to where ‘scope of the duty’ fits Statutory (and other) limits on the scope of the duty of care 6 Policy considerations Joint illegality Self-induced intoxication CAL No 14 Pty Ltd v Motor Accidents Insurance Board The advocate’s immunity D’Orta-Ekenaike v Victoria Legal Aid Child protection agencies The police Cran v New South Wales Armed forces Governmental policy Graham Barclay Oysters Pty Ltd v Ryan 7 Function of judge and jury, appellate court and trial judge Chapter 3 Negligence: Breach of Duty 1 The standard of care Relationship between s 5B and the common law Common law duty to take care The relevant risk of harm Foreseeability Reasonable response to foreseeable risk The ‘calculus of negligence’ Non-economic factors Law and fact Generalised and specific duty Balancing the factors Wyong Shire Council v Shirt Foresight, not hindsight Probability that harm would occur if care not taken (s 5B(2)(a)) Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW v Dederer Likely seriousness (gravity) of harm (s 5B(2)(b)) Paris v Stepney Borough Council Burden (cost and difficulty) of taking precautions to avoid risk of harm (s 5B(2)(c)) Graham Barclay Oysters Pty Ltd v Ryan Social utility (justifiability) of activity that creates risk of harm (s 5B(2)(d)) Roman Catholic Church Trustees for the Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn v Hadba Inherent risk Relevant time for assessing risk Defective product design O’Dwyer v Leo Buring Pty Ltd Public authorities’ choices Conformity with general practice Compliance with statutory regulation 2 The reasonable person Young age McHale v Watson Mental disability Carrier v Bonham Old age and physical disability Professionals Rogers v Whitaker Learner drivers Imbree v McNeilly Inexperienced doctors Participation in games Agony of the moment 3 A question of fact Fox v Percy Precedential value of decisions on the standard of care 4 Proof of breach Holloway v McFeeters Res ipsa loquitur (the thing — or matter, or event — speaks for itself) Schellenberg v Tunnel Holdings Pty Ltd More than one possible negligent party Chapter 4 Factual Causation and Scope of Liability 1 The general approach to causation Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) 2 Factual causation Strong v Woolworths Ltd t/as Big W The ‘but for’ test Application of ‘but for’ test Omissions Response to warnings Subjective test of what plaintiff would have done When departure from the ‘but for’ test may be permitted Scientific uncertainty Amaca Pty Ltd v Ellis Inference of causation Increased risk More than one negligent defendant Material contribution Multiple sufficient causes 3 Scope of liability Relevance of cause of action and of policy Application of s 5D(1)(b) and (4) Wallace v Kam Categories of intervening event Voluntary human action Coincidence Subsequent negligent conduct Vicissitudes of life Subsequent motor accident Foreseeability of damage Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering Co Ltd (The Wagon Mound (No 1)) The meaning of ‘reasonable foreseeability’ Manner in which harm came about The extent of damage Foreseeability of initial injury or of consequence? Family circumstances Alcoholism Allowance for contingencies Wrong must have been committed Property damage Mitigation of damage The kind of damage Kavanagh v Akhtar Chapter 5 Damage 1 The gist of negligence Definition in civil liability statutes Minimum damage that is required Alcan Gove Pty Ltd v Zabic Mental harm Property damage Loss of a chance Tabet v Gett Birth and death 2 Limitation of actions Brisbane South Regional Health Authority v Taylor Sexual abuse Property damage Economic loss Abuse of process Chapter 6 Defences to Torts Involving Negligence 1 Introduction 2 Contributory negligence Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic) Pt V What is contributory negligence? Joslyn v Berryman Standard of care: calculus of negligence The objective standard and personal factors Allen v Chadwick Sudden emergency Caterson v Commissioner for Railways Anticipation of others’ negligence Sibley v Kais Workplace environment McLean v Tedman Standard of care: children and old age Kelly v Bega Valley County Council Causation Apportionment of responsibility Pennington v Norris Presumptions of contributory negligence 3 Voluntary assumption of risk Knowledge or awareness of risk Scanlon v American Cigarette Company (Overseas) Pty Ltd (No 3) Kent v Scattini Acceptance of risk Carey v Lake Macquarie City Council Particular fact situations Employer and employee Rescue Participants and spectators at sporting events Passengers of intoxicated drivers Exemption by notice Chapter 7 Particular Negligence Situations 1 Introduction 2 Plaintiffs with a special sensitivity Levi v Colgate-Palmolive Pty Ltd The unborn plaintiff Harriton v Stephens Plaintiff injured in the womb Plaintiff injured in the womb by mother Actions by parents in respect of the birth of a child Cattanach v Melchior 3 Product liability Strict liability v negligence Scope of liability for negligence 4 Mass torts Courtney v Medtel Pty Ltd (No 5) 5 Occupiers’ liability Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd v Zaluzna Who is an occupier? Thompson v Woolworths (Qld) Pty Ltd Standard of care Obvious dangers Entrants pursuant to a contract Other entrants as of right Occupier’s duty to control others on the premises Modbury Triangle Shopping Centre Pty Ltd v Anzil 6 Statutory authorities Graham Barclay Oysters Pty Ltd v Ryan Policy/operational distinction General reliance Summary of common law principles Statutory reforms Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) Highway authorities 7 Omissions Stuart v Kirkland-Veenstra Assumption of responsibility Creation of risk Occupation of land Hargrave v Goldman Goldman v Hargrave Subjective standard of care Protection for ‘good Samaritans’, volunteers and others Duty to protect someone or something under one’s control Parent and child Robertson v Swincer Duty to plaintiff to control child or other person Smith v Leurs School authority’s duty to plaintiff to control child 8 Employer and employee Hamilton v Nuroof (WA) Pty Ltd Personal duty Conformity with general practice Experienced employees Inexperienced employees Psychiatric injury The role of the employee’s privacy Property damage and pure economic loss 9 Medical liability Standard of care in relation to warnings Therapeutic privilege Failure to attend in an emergency Loss of chance Wrongful birth and life Apologies Alternative dispute resolution Alternatives to the tort system 10 Mental injury Tame v New South Wales; Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Ltd Recognisable psychiatric illness Sudden shock Reasonable foreseeability Employer and employee Tortfeasor is primary victim Reform Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) 11 Illegality Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) Chapter 8 The Negligent Infliction of Economic Loss 1 Introduction Reasons for denial of duty of care Overview of historical development of the law Swick Nominees Pty Ltd v Leroi International Inc (No 2) Approaches to determining liability for pure economic loss: duty Statutory remedies Civil liability statutes 2 Misrepresentation and professional undertakings Deceit Negligent misrepresentation Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd Must the defendant have special skill? Principle as adopted in Australia Distinction between ‘utterances’ and ‘acts’ and between physical damage and economic loss Need for a request? Is a disclaimer always effective? Concurrent duties in contract and tort Overlap with defamation Solicitors’ duties Hill (t/as R F Hill & Associates) v Van Erp Auditors’ liability to parties other than their clients Knowledge of a particular transaction Causation of damage Remoteness of damage Contributory negligence 3 Negligent acts causing economic loss Loss resulting from damage to property not in plaintiff’s possession Perre v Apand Pty Ltd Defective structures and goods Woolcock Street Investments Pty Ltd v CDG Pty Ltd Avoidance of physical harm Legislative intervention Similar situations Defects in goods Chapter 9 Damages 1 Types of damages ‘Damage’ and ‘damages’ Nominal, contemptuous, user and vindicatory damages Aggravated damages Exemplary damages Availability at common law in Australia Lamb v Cotogno 2 Compensatory damages for personal injury Basic principles Heads of damage Once-and-for-all assessment Departures from the once-and-for-all rule Use of the money Method of assessment Sharman v Evans Institutional versus independent living Difficulty of assessment Loss of earning capacity Relevant earnings Net earnings Earnings cap Superannuation Where earning life shortened Residual capacity Loss of pension payments where retirement life shortened Needs created Kars v Kars Policy reasons for damages for gratuitous services Valuation of gratuitous services Services rendered by injured person Remedies available to recipients of services Future loss Discount rate Contingencies Collateral source rule Principle Accident insurance and superannuation benefits Medicare, nursing home benefits and residential care subsidies Social security Other compensation schemes Non-pecuniary (non-economic) harm Tariff or scale Purposes of award Skelton v Collins 3 Property damage Powercor Australia Ltd v Thomas Cost of repairs or diminution in value Date at which damage to be ascertained Betterment Cost of repairs not paid for by the plaintiff Consequential loss Cost of hiring replacement motor vehicle Chapter 10 Wrongful Death 1 Survival of actions Lotter v Salmon Street Ltd Reasons for the legislation Non-pecuniary damage Actions based on negligence Tortfeasor and victim both dead 2 The dependants’ action Civil Proceedings Act 2011 (Qld) Nature of the action De Sales v Ingrilli Wrongful act Deceased must have been able to sue Foreseeability of death Limitations on defendant’s liability Contributory negligence Damages Reasonable expectation of benefit Past and future loss Non-pecuniary loss Parental care and guidance Needs created and the replacement of lost services Limits on recovery Taylor v The Owners — Strata Plan No 11564 Collateral benefits Re-partnering Survivor’s earnings Chapter 11 Breach of Statutory Duty 1 The nature of the action ‘A genuine exercise in interpretation’ Workplace health and safety An attempt at harmonisation The merit of the action 2 Elements of the action Creation of a civil action General formulations Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd Traffic control Subordinate legislation Legislation on topics other than workplace health and safety Anderson v Mackellar County Council Public authorities Penal provisions Duty imposed on the defendant Darling Island Stevedoring and Lighterage Co Ltd v Long Plaintiff within the protected class Scope of the risk Breach of duty Absolute liability ‘Reasonably practicable’ A qualification on liability: plaintiff’s conduct Causation Failure to supply protective equipment Licences Onus of proof of causation Defences Contributory negligence Voluntary assumption of risk Chapter 12 Intentional Interference with the Person 1 Introduction Themes of Chapters 12–14 Law and social change Civil liberties History: trespass and case Directness Actionable per se (without proof of damage) Onus of proof 2 Directness Hutchins v Maughan 3 Trespass, intention and negligence Williams v Milotin McHale v Watson Intention, motive, mistake and involuntariness 4 Battery and assault Rixon v Star City Pty Ltd Rozsa v Samuels Zanker v Vartzokas Domestic violence Abuse of children Sexual assault 5 False imprisonment Total restraint New South Wales v Le Residual liberty Reasonable means of escape McFadzean v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union The Balmain New Ferry Co Ltd v Robertson Herd v Weardale Steel Coke and Coal Co Must the person detained know of the restraint? South Australia v Lampard-Trevorrow Directness Coles Myer Ltd v Webster False imprisonment and malicious prosecution 6 Intentional harm: Wilkinson v Downton Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Naidu Giller v Procopets Rhodes v OPO Breach of privacy Chapter 13 Trespass to Land 1 Introduction New South Wales v Ibbett 2 The defendant’s conduct Continuing trespass Konskier v B Goodman Ltd Implied licence Roy v O’Neill Lincoln Hunt Australia Pty Ltd v Willesee Injunctions against trespassers using materials obtained during trespass Injunctions against use of film by non-trespassers Exceeding licence 3 The plaintiff’s interest in the land 4 Trespass above and beneath the surface Bocardo SA v Star Energy UK Onshore Ltd Aircraft Building construction cases Airspace Beneath the surface Legislation — power of court to create easements 5 Remedies TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd v Anning Damages Injunctions Self-help Encroachment of buildings Chapter 14 Defences to Intentional Torts 1 Introduction 2 Consent Onus of proof Sporting contests McNamara v Duncan Medical procedures Fraud Duress Consent forms Refusal of consent — the principle of autonomy Brightwater Care Group (Inc) v Rossiter Incapacity Minors Minors — non-therapeutic medical procedures Psychiatric illness and intellectual disability Human tissue transplants 3 Necessity Medical procedures Necessity and refusal of consent Minors — blood transfusions Other applications of necessity State of New South Wales v McMaster 4 Self-defence and defence of others Contributory negligence 5 Legal authority Chapter 15 Nuisance 1 Nature of a nuisance and who may sue Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd Title to sue ‘Substantial and unreasonable interference’ ‘Sensible material injury’ Interference with amenity Munro v Southern Dairies Ltd ‘Give and take’ or ‘reasonable use’ Locality Time Duration Defendant’s unreasonable conduct or improper motive ‘Sensitive use’ Marsh v Baxter Removal of lateral support Protected and unprotected interests Victoria Park Racing and Recreation Grounds Co Ltd v Taylor 2 Who may be sued The requirement of ‘fault’ Creators of a nuisance Fennell v Robson Excavations Pty Ltd Adopting or continuing a nuisance Liability for acts of strangers Sedleigh-Denfield v O’Callaghan Occupier’s liability for acts of nature Hargrave v Goldman Occupiers’ liability for acts of persons on the land with permission Other causes of damage 3 Defences Consent Kiddle v City Business Properties Ltd Statutory authority Lester-Travers v City of Frankston Reasonable use Corbett v Pallas ‘Coming to the nuisance’ Miller v Jackson 4 Remoteness of damage Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather Plc 5 Remedies Self-help (abatement) Damages Costs of abatement Property damage and interference with amenity In lieu of an injunction Coming to the nuisance Injunctions Statutory remedies Chapter 16 Vicarious Liability 1 Introduction Necessary requirements Relationships 2 The relationship of employer and employee Employees and independent contractors Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd Distinguishing employees from independent contractors Organisation test ‘Working in one’s own business’? Professional staff in hospitals Borrowed employees 3 The course (or scope) of the employment Bugge v Brown Prohibitions and the scope of the employment Level of generality with which the employment is described Frolic and detour Intentional acts Deatons Pty Ltd v Flew Sexual abuse Prince Alfred College Inc v ADC Acts for the employee’s own benefit The independent authority exception 4 Theories of employers’ liability for harms inflicted by employees Darling Island Stevedoring and Lighterage Co Ltd v Long 5 Principal and agent Sweeney v Boylan Nominees Pty Ltd ‘Akin to employment’ in the United Kingdom Statutory agency Common law presumption Car hire and taxicabs 6 Non-delegable duties Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd General principle Hospitals Schools Occupiers and landlords Bailees Highway authorities and repairs Leichhardt Municipal Council v Montgomery Chapter 17 Concurrent Liability 1 The common law Joint tortfeasors and several concurrent tortfeasors Solidary or proportionate liability? Judgment or release and satisfaction Contribution Indemnity 2 Statutory modification Wrongs Act 1954 (Tas) Separate judgments in action against joint and concurrent tortfeasors Claims for contribution by settling party Claim for contribution from a party who has settled Claim for contribution where party sued not liable Successive actions by plaintiff Policy Plaintiff’s contributory negligence Proportionate liability legislation Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) Difficulties with proportionate liability legislation Index
