Toronto Notes

Cover
Title Page
Edition Notice
Dedication
Preface – From the Editors
Acknowledgments
Student Contributors
Faculty Contributors, University of Toronto
Table of Contents
How to Use This Book
Common Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in Medicine
Common Unit Conversions
Commonly Measured Laboratory Values
Ethical, Legal, and Organizational Medicine
	Acronyms
	The Canadian Health Care System
		Overview of Canadian Health Care System
		Legal Foundation
		History of the Canadian Health Care System
		Healthcare Expenditure and Delivery in Canada
		Physician Licensure and Certification
		Role of Professional Associations
	Ethical and Legal Issues in Canadian Medicine
		Introduction to the Principles of Ethics
		Confidentiality
		Consent and Capacity
		Negligence
		Truth-Telling
		Ethical Issues in Health Care
		Reproductive Technologies
		End-of-Life Care
		Physician Competence and Professional Conduct
		Research Ethics
		Physician-Industry Relations
		Resource Allocation
		Conscientious Objection
	Indigenous Health
		Overview of the History and Impact of Colonialism
		Movement Towards Reconciliation
		Indigenous Disproportionate Over-Representation of Biological, Psychological, and Social Co-Morbidities
		Indigenous Health Coverage and Jurisdictions
		Resources in Indigenous Health
	References
Anesthesia
	Acronyms
	Overview of Anesthesia
		Types of Anesthesia
	Preoperative Assessment
		History and Physical
		Preoperative Investigations
		American Society of Anesthesiology Classification
	Preoperative Optimization
		Medications
		Hypertension
		Coronary Artery Disease
		Respiratory Diseases
		Aspiration
		Fasting Guidelines
		Hematological Disorders
		Endocrine Disorders
		Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
	Monitoring
	Airway Management
		Airway Anatomy
		Methods of Supporting Airways
		Tracheal Intubation
		Difficult Airway
		Oxygen Therapy
		Ventilation
	Intraoperative Management
		Temperature
		Heart Rate
		Blood Pressure
		Fluid Balance and Resuscitation
		IV Fluids
		Blood Products
	Induction
		Routine Induction vs. Rapid Sequence Induction
		Induction Agents
		Muscle Relaxants and Reversing Agents
		Analgesia
	Maintenance
	Extubation
		Complications of Extubation
	Regional Anesthesia
		Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia
		Peripheral Nerve Blocks
	Local Anesthesia
		Local Anesthetic Agents
		Systemic Toxicity
		Local Infiltration and Hematoma Blocks
		Topical Anesthetics
	Postoperative Care
		Common Postoperative Anesthetic Complications
	Pain Management
		Acute Pain
		Neuropathic Pain
		Chronic Pain
	Obstetrical Anesthesia
	Paediatric Anesthesia
	Uncommon Complications
		Malignant Hyperthermia
		Abnormal Pseudocholinesterase
	Appendices
		Difficult Tracheal Intubation in Unconscious Patient
		Difficult Tracheal Intubation
		Advanced Cardiac Life Support Guidelines
	References
Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery
	Acronyms
	Basic Anatomy Review
		Coronary Circulation
		Cardiac Anatomy
	Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
		Chest Pain
		Loss of Consciousness
		Local Edema
		Generalized Edema
		Palpitations
		Dyspnea
	Cardiac Diagnostic Tests
		Electrocardiography Basics
	Approach to ECGs
		Classical Approach to ECGs
		Alternative PQRSTU Approach to ECGs
		Cardiac Biomarkers
		Ambulatory ECG
		Echocardiography
		Stress Testing
		Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography
		Coronary Angiography
		Contrast-Enhanced CT Coronary Angiography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	CARDIAC DISEASE
	Arrhythmias
		Mechanisms of Arrhythmias
		Bradyarrhythmias
		Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
		Pre-Excitation Syndromes
		Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
		Sudden Cardiac Arrest
		Electrophysiologic Studies
		Electrical Pacing
		Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
		Catheter Ablation
	Ischemic Heart Disease
		Chronic Stable Angina
		Acute Coronary Syndromes
		Treatment Algorithm for Chest Pain
		Coronary Revascularization
	Heart Failure
		Congestive Heart Failure
		Sleep-Disordered Breathing
		Cardio-oncology
	Cardiac Transplantation
		Ventricular Assist Devices
		Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
	Cardiac Tumours
	Myocardial Disease
		Myocarditis
		Dilated Cardiomyopathy
		Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
		Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
		Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
	Valvular Heart Disease
		Rheumatic Fever
		Valve Repair and Valve Replacement
		Choice of Valve Prosthesis
		Prosthetic Valve Management
		Summary of Valvular Disease
	Pericardial Disease
		Acute Pericarditis
		Pericardial Effusion
		Cardiac Tamponade
		Constrictive Pericarditis
	Extracorporeal Circulation
		Cardiopulmonary Bypass
		Protection during Cardiopulmonary Bypass
	Common Medications
		Antiarrhythmics
	Landmark Cardiac Trials
	References
Clinical Pharmacology
	Acronyms
	General Principles
		Drug Nomenclature
		Phases of Clinical Drug Testing
		Drug Administration
	Pharmacokinetics
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Metabolism (Biotransformation)
		Elimination
		Pharmacokinetic Considerations
	Pharmacodynamics
		Effects of Drugs on Receptors
		Effectiveness and Safety
		Therapeutic Indices
	Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
	Adverse Drug Reactions
		Approach to Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions
	Variability in Drug Response
	Drug Interactions
	Autonomic Pharmacology
		Parasympathetic Nervous System
		Sympathetic Nervous System
		Opioid Therapy and Chronic Non-Cancer Pain
	Common Drug Endings
	References
Dermatology
	Acronyms
	Introduction to Skin
		Normal Processes of Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
		Skin Anatomy
		Skin Function
	Morphology
		Primary Lesions
		Secondary Lesions
		Other Morphological Terms
		Patterns and Distribution
	Differential Diagnoses for Common Presentations
	Common Skin Lesions
		Cysts
		Fibrous Lesions
		Hyperkeratotic Lesions
		Keloids
		Pigmented Lesions
		Vascular Lesions
		Lipoma
		Xanthoma
	Acneiform Eruptions
		Acne Vulgaris/Common Acne
		Perioral Dermatitis
		Rosacea
	Dermatitis (Eczema)
		Asteatotic Dermatitis
		Atopic Dermatitis
		Contact Dermatitis
		Dyshidrotic Dermatitis
		Nummular Dermatitis
		Seborrheic Dermatitis
		Stasis Dermatitis
		Lichen Simplex Chronicus
	Papulosquamous Diseases
		Lichen Planus
		Pityriasis Rosea
		Psoriasis
	Vesiculobullous Diseases
		Bullous Pemphigoid
		Pemphigus Vulgaris
		Dermatitis Herpetiformis
		Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
	Drug Eruptions
		Exanthematous
		Urticarial
		Pustular
		Bullous
		Other
	Heritable Disorders
		Ichthyosis Vulgaris
		Epidermolysis Bullosa
		Neurofibromatosis (Type I; von Recklinghausen’s Disease)
		Oculocutaneous Albinism
		Vitiligo
	Infections
		Bacterial Infections: Epidermis
		Bacterial Infections: Dermis
		Bacterial Infections: Epidermis and Dermis
		Dermatophytoses
		Parasitic Infections
		Viral Infections
		Yeast Infections
		Sexually Transmitted Infections
	Pre-Malignant Skin Conditions
		Actinic Keratosis (Solar Keratosis)
		Leukoplakia
	Malignant Skin Tumours
		Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers
		Malignant Melanoma
		Other Cutaneous Cancers
	Diseases of Hair Density
		Hair Growth
		Non-Scarring (Non-Cicatricial) Alopecia
		Scarring (Cicatricial) Alopecia
	Nails and Disorders of the Nail Apparatus
	Adnexal Disorders
	Oral Diseases
	Skin Manifestations of Systemic Disease
	Paediatric Exanthems
	Miscellaneous Lesions
		Angioedema and Urticaria
		Erythema Nodosum
		Pruritus
		Wounds and Ulcers
		Sunscreens and Preventative Therapy
		Topical Steroids
		Dermatologic Therapies
	Traumatic and Mechanical Disorders
	References
Emergency Medicine
	Acronyms
	Patient Assessment/Management
		1. Rapid Primary Survey
		2. Resuscitation
		3. Secondary Survey
		Ethical Considerations
	Traumatology
		Considerations for Traumatic Injury
		Head Trauma
		Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
		Spine and Spinal Cord Trauma
		Chest Trauma
		Abdominal Trauma
		Genitourinary Tract Injuries
		Orthopaedic Injuries
		Wound Management
	Approach to Common ED Presentations
		Abdominal Pain
		Acute Pelvic Pain
		Altered Level of Consciousness
		Chest Pain
		Headache
		Joint and Back Pain
		Seizures
		Shortness of Breath
		Syncope
		Sexual Assault
	Medical Emergencies
		Anaphylaxis and Allergic Reactions
		Asthma
		Cardiac Dysrhythmias
		Acute Exacerbation of COPD
		Heart Failure
		Venous Thromboembolism
		Diabetic Emergencies
		Electrolyte Disturbances
		Hypertensive Emergencies
		Acute Coronary Syndrome
		Sepsis
		Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack
	Otolaryngological Presentations and Emergencies
		Epistaxis
	Gynaecologic/Urologic Emergencies
		Vaginal Bleeding
		Pregnant Patient in the ED
		Nephrolithiasis (Renal Colic)
	Ophthalmologic Emergencies
	Dermatologic Emergencies
	Environmental Injuries
		Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke
		Hypothermia and Cold Injuries
		Burns
		Inhalation Injury
		Bites
		Near Drowning
	Toxicology
		“ABCD3EFG” of Toxicology
		D1 – Universal Antidotes
		D2 – Draw Bloods
		D3 – Decontamination and Enhanced Elimination
		E – Expose and Examine the Patient
		F – Full Vitals, ECG Monitor, Foley, X-Rays
		G – Give Specific Antidotes and Treatments
		Alcohol Related Emergencies
		Approach to the Overdose Patient
	Psychiatric Emergencies
		Approach to Common Psychiatric Presentations
		Acute Psychosis
		Suicidal Patient
	Common Paediatric ED Presentations
		Modified Glasgow Coma Score
		Respiratory Distress
		Febrile Infant and Febrile Seizures
		Abdominal Pain
		Common Infections
		Child Abuse and Neglect
	Common Medications
	References
Endocrinology
	Acronyms
	Basic Anatomy Review
		Major Endocrine Organs
	Dyslipidemias
		Overview of Lipid Transport
		Primary Dyslipidemias (rare)
		Secondary Dyslipidemias
		Dyslipidemia and the Risk for Coronary Artery Disease
		Treatment of Dyslipidemias
	Disorders of Glucose Metabolism
		Overview of Glucose Regulation
		Pre-Diabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance/
		Impaired Fasting Glucose)
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Treatment of Diabetes
		Acute Complications
		Macrovascular Complications
		Microvascular Complications
		Other Complications
		Hypoglycemia
		Metabolic Syndrome
	Obesity
	Pituitary Gland
		Pituitary Hormones
		Growth Hormone
		Prolactin
		Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
		Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
		Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone
		Antidiuretic Hormone
		Pituitary Pathology
	Thyroid
		Thyroid Hormones
		Tests of Thyroid Function and Structure
		Thyrotoxicosis
		Graves’ Disease
		Subacute Thyroiditis (Thyrotoxic Phase)
		Toxic Adenoma/Toxic Multinodular Goitre
		Thyrotoxic Crisis/Thyroid Storm
		Hypothyroidism
		Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
		Myxedema Coma
		Sick Euthyroid Syndrome
		Non-Toxic Goitre
		Thyroid Nodules
		Thyroid Malignancies
	Adrenal Cortex
		Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
		Adrenocortical Hormones
		Adrenocortical Functional Workup
		Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndromes
		Cushing’s Syndrome
		Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
		Hyperandrogenism
		Adrenocortical Insufficiency
	Adrenal Medulla
		Catecholamine Metabolism
		Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma
	Disorders of Multiple Endocrine Glands
		Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
	Calcium Homeostasis
		Hypercalcemia
		Hypocalcemia
	Metabolic Bone Disease
		Osteoporosis
		Osteomalacia and Rickets
		Renal Osteodystrophy
		Paget’s Disease of Bone
	Male Reproductive Endocrinology
		Androgen Regulation
		Tests of Testicular Function
		Hypogonadism and Infertility
		Erectile Dysfunction
		Gynecomastia
	Female Reproductive Endocrinology
	Paraneoplastic Syndrome
	Common Medications
		Diabetes Medications
		Dyslipidemia Medications
		Thyroid Medications
		Metabolic Bone Disease Medications
		Adrenal Medications
	Landmark Endocrinology Trials
	References
Family Medicine
	Acronyms
	Four Principles of Family Medicine
	Periodic Health Examination
		Purpose of the Periodic Health Examination
		Classification of Recommendations (GRADE)
		Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines
		Lung Cancer Screening Guidelines
		Colorectal Cancer Screening Guidelines
		Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines
		Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines
	Health Promotion and Counselling
		Motivational Strategies for Behavioural Change
		Nutrition
		Obesity
		Dyslipidemia
		Exercise
		Smoking Cessation
		Alcohol Use
	Common Presenting Problems
		Abdominal Pain
		Allergic Rhinitis
		Amenorrhea
		Anxiety
		Asthma/COPD
		Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
		Bronchitis (Acute)
		Chest Pain
		Common Cold (Acute Rhinitis)
		Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
		Contraception
		Cough
		Dementia (Major Neurocognitive Disorder)
		Depression
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Dizziness
		Domestic Violence/Elder Abuse
		Dyspepsia
		Dyspnea
		Dysuria
		Epistaxis
		Erectile Dysfunction
		Fatigue
		Fever
		Headache
		Hearing Impairment
		Hypertension
		Joint Pain
		Low Back Pain
		Menopause/Hormone Replacement Therapy
		Osteoarthritis
		Osteoporosis
		Rash
		Sexually Transmitted Infections
		Sinusitis
		Sleep Disorders
		Sore Throat (Pharyngitis)
	Palliative Care
		Principles and Quality of Life
		End-of-Life Care Discussions
		Power of Attorney
		Instructional Advance Directives
		Symptom Management
	Complementary and Alternative Medicine
	Primary Care Models
	Antimicrobial Quick Reference
	References
Gastroenterology
	Acronyms
	Anatomy Review
		Overview of Gastrointestinal Tract
		Visualizing the Gastrointestinal Tract
	Differential Diagnosis of Common Complaints
	Esophagus
		Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
		Barrett’s Esophagus
		Dysphagia
		Esophageal Motor Disorders
		Esophageal Diverticula
		Peptic Stricture (from Esophagitis)
		Esophageal Carcinoma
		Webs and Rings
		Infectious Esophagitis
	Stomach and Duodenum
		Dyspepsia
		Stomach
		Gastritis
		Peptic Ulcer Disease
		H. pylori-Induced Peptic Ulceration
		NSAID-Induced Ulceration
		Stress-Induced Ulceration
		Gastric Carcinoma
	Small and Large Bowel
		Classification of Diarrhea
		Acute Diarrhea
		Traveller’s Diarrhea
		Chronic Diarrhea
		Maldigestion and Malabsorption
		Celiac Disease (Gluten Enteropathy/Sprue)
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Crohn’s Disease
		Ulcerative Colitis
		Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		Constipation
		Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		Esophageal Varices
		Mallory-Weiss Tear
		Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		Colorectal Carcinoma
		Colorectal Polyps
		Familial Colon Cancer Syndromes
		Benign Anorectal Disease
	Liver
		Investigations of Hepatobiliary Disease
		Acute Viral Hepatitis (General)
		Hepatitis A Virus
		Hepatitis B Virus
		Hepatitis D Virus
		Hepatitis C Virus
		Autoimmune Liver Disease
		Drug-Induced Liver Disease
		Wilson’s Disease
		Hemochromatosis
		Alcoholic Liver Disease
		Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
		Acute Liver Failure (formerly Fulminant Hepatic Failure)
		Cirrhosis
		Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		Liver Transplantation
		Portal Hypertension
		Hepatic Encephalopathy
		Ascites
	Biliary Tract
		Jaundice
		Gilbert’s Syndrome
		Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
		Primary Biliary Cholangitis
		(formerly Primary Biliary Cirrhosis)
		Biliary Colic, Cholecystitis
		Ascending Cholangitis
	Pancreas
		Pancreatic Enzyme Abnormalities
		Acute Pancreatitis
		Chronic Pancreatitis
		Autoimmune Pancreatitis
	Clinical Nutrition
		Determination of Nutritional Status
		Enteral Nutrition
		Parenteral Nutrition
	Common Medications
	Landmark Gastroenterology Trials
	References
General and Thoracic Surgery
	Acronyms
	Basic Anatomy Review
	Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
		Acute Abdominal Pain
		Abdominal Mass
		Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		Jaundice
	Preoperative Preparations
	Surgical Complications
		Postoperative Fever
		Wound/Incisional Complications
		Urinary and Renal Complications
		Postoperative Dyspnea
		Respiratory Complications
		Cardiac Complications
		Intra-Abdominal Abscess
		Paralytic Ileus
		Delirium
	Thoracic Surgery
		Hiatus Hernia
		Esophageal Perforation
		Esophageal Carcinoma
		Pleura, Lung, and Mediastinum
		Complicated Effusion
		Empyema
		Pneumothorax
		Tube Thoracostomy
		Lung Cancer
		Approach to the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
		Lung Transplantation
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		Mediastinal Masses
		Thymoma
	Stomach and Duodenum
		Peptic Ulcer Disease
		Gastric Carcinoma
		Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour
		Bariatric Surgery
		Complications of Gastric Surgery
	SMALL INTESTINE
	Small Bowel Obstruction
		Mechanical Small Bowel Obstruction
		Paralytic Ileus
		Intestinal Ischemia
		Tumours of Small Intestine
		Short Gut Syndrome
	Abdominal Hernia
		Groin Hernias
	Appendix
		Appendicitis
	Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Crohn’s Disease
		Ulcerative Colitis
	LARGE INTESTINE
	Large Bowel Obstruction
		Mechanical Large Bowel Obstruction
		Functional Large Bowel Obstruction: Colonic
		Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie’s Syndrome)
	Diverticular Disease
		Diverticulosis
		Diverticulitis
	Colorectal Neoplasms
		Colorectal Polyps
		Familial Colon Cancer Syndromes
		Colorectal Carcinoma
	Other Conditions of the Large Intestine
		Angiodysplasia
		Volvulus
		Toxic Megacolon
		Fistula
		Stomas
	Anorectum
		Hemorrhoids
		Anal Fissures
		Anorectal Abscess
		Fistula-In-Ano
		Pilonidal Disease
		Rectal Prolapse
		Anal Neoplasms
	Liver
		Liver Cysts
		Liver Abscesses
		Neoplasms
		Liver Transplantation
	Biliary Tract
		Cholelithiasis
		Biliary Colic
		Acute Cholecystitis
		Acalculous Cholecystitis
		Choledocholithiasis
		Acute Cholangitis
		Gallstone Ileus
		Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
		Cholangiocarcinoma
	Pancreas
		Acute Pancreatitis
		Chronic Pancreatitis
		Pancreatic Cancer
	Spleen
		Splenic Trauma
		Splenectomy
		Splenic Infarct
	Breast
		Benign Breast Lesions
		Breast Cancer
	Surgical Endocrinology
		Thyroid and Parathyroid
		Adrenal Gland
		Pancreas
	Paediatric Surgery
	Skin Lesions
	Common Medications
	References
Geriatric Medicine
	Acronyms
	Physiology and Pathology of Aging
	Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
		Frailty
		Delirium
		Falls
		Malnutrition
		Constipation
		Incontinence
		Immobility
		Pressure Injuries
		Hazards of Hospitalization
		Elder Abuse
		Presbycusis
	Driving Competency
		Reporting Requirements
		Conditions that may Impair Driving
	Health Care Institutions
	Geriatric Pharmacology
		Pharmacokinetics
		Pharmacodynamics
		Polypharmacy
		Inappropriate Prescribing in the Elderly
	Common Medications
	Landmark Geriatric Trials
	References
Gynaecology
	Acronyms
	Basic Anatomy Review
	Menstruation
		Menstrual Cycle
		Stages of Puberty
		Premenstrual Syndrome
		Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
	Common Investigations and Procedures
		Imaging
		Endometrial Biopsy
		Hysterectomy
	Disorders of Menstruation
		Amenorrhea
		Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
		Dysmenorrhea
	Endometriosis
	Adenomyosis
	Fibroids
	Contraception
		Hormonal Methods
		Intrauterine Device
		Emergency Postcoital Contraception
	Termination of Pregnancy
	Pregnancy-Related Complications
		First and Second Trimester Bleeding
		Spontaneous Abortions
	Ectopic Pregnancy
	Infertility
		Female Factors
		Male Factors
	Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
	Gynaecological Infections
		Physiologic Discharge
		Non-Physiologic Discharge
		Vulvovaginitis
		Sexually Transmitted Infections
		Bartholin Gland Abscess
		Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
		Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
		Surgical Infections
	Sexual Abuse
	Sexuality and Sexual Dysfunction
	Menopause
		Hormone Replacement Therapy
	Urogynaecology
		Pelvic Organ Prolapse
		Urinary Incontinence
	Gynaecological Oncology
		Pelvic Mass
		Uterus
		Ovary
		Fallopian Tube
		Cervix
		Vulva
		Vagina
		Gestational Trophoblastic Disease/Neoplasia
	Common Medications
	References
Hematology
	Acronyms
	Basics of Hematology
		Complete Blood Count
		Blood Film Interpretation
		Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy
	Common Presenting Problems
		Anemia
		Erythrocytosis
		Thrombocytopenia
		Thrombocytosis
		Pancytopenia
		Neutrophilia
		Neutropenia
		Lymphocytosis
		Lymphopenia
		Eosinophilia
		Agranulocytosis
		Leukemoid Reaction
	Approach to Lymphadenopathy
	Approach to Splenomegaly
	Microcytic Anemia
		Iron Metabolism
		Iron Deficiency Anemia
		Anemia of Chronic Disease
		Sideroblastic Anemia
		Lead Poisoning
	Normocytic Anemia
		Aplastic Anemia
	Hemolytic Anemia
		Thalassemia
		β-Thalassemia Minor (Thalassemia Trait)
		β-Thalassemia Major
		β-Thalassemia Intermedia
		α-Thalassemia
		Sickle Cell Disease
		Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
		Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia/
		Thrombotic Microangiopathy
		Hereditary Spherocytosis
		Hereditary Elliptocytosis
		Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
	Macrocytic Anemia
		Vitamin B12 Deficiency
		Folate Deficiency
	Hemostasis
		Stages of Hemostasis
	Disorders of Primary Hemostasis
		Immune Thrombocytopenia
		Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and
		Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
		von Willebrand Disease
	Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis
		Hemophilia A (Factor VIII Deficiency)
		Hemophilia B (Factor IX Deficiency)
		Factor XI Deficiency
		Liver Disease
		Vitamin K Deficiency
		Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
	Hypercoagulable Disorders
	Venous Thromboembolism
		Approach to Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism
	Hematologic Malignancies and Related Disorders
	Myeloid Malignancies
		Acute Myeloid Leukemia
		Myelodysplastic Syndromes
	Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
		Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
		Polycythemia Vera
		Idiopathic Myelofibrosis
		Essential Thrombocythemia
	Lymphoid Malignancies
		Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
	Lymphomas
		Hodgkin Lymphoma
		Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
	Malignant Clonal Proliferations of Mature B-Cells
		Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
		Multiple Myeloma
		Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance
		Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma
	Complications of Hematologic Malignancies
		Hyperviscosity Syndrome
		Tumour Lysis Syndrome
	Blood Products and Transfusions
		Red Blood Cells
		Platelets
		Coagulation Factors
		Acute Blood Transfusion Reactions
		Delayed Blood Transfusion Reactions
	Common Medications
		Antiplatelet Therapy
		Anticoagulant Therapy
		Chemotherapeutic and Biologic Agents Used in Oncology
	Landmark Hematology Trials
	References
Infectious Diseases
	Acronyms
	Principles of Microbiology
		Bacteriology
		Virology
		Mycology
		Parasitology
		Transmission of Infectious Diseases
	Nosocomial Infections
	Respiratory Infections
		Pneumonia
		Influenza
	Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
		Cellulitis
		Necrotizing Fasciitis
		Acquired Oral Lesions
	Gastrointestinal Infections
	Traveller’s Diarrhea
	Chronic Diarrhea
	Peptic Ulcer Disease (Helicobater pylori)
	Bone and Joint Infections
		Septic Arthritis
		Diabetic Foot Infections
		Osteomyelitis
	Cardiac Infections
		Infective Endocarditis
	CNS Infections
		Meningitis
		Encephalitis
		Generalized Tetanus
		Rabies
	Systemic Infections
		Sepsis and Septic Shock
		Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)
		Lyme Disease
		Toxic Shock Syndrome
		Cat Scratch Disease
		Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
		West Nile Virus
		Syphilis
	Tuberculosis
	HIV and AIDS
		Epidemiology
		Etiology
		Modes of Transmission
		Natural History
		Anti-Retroviral Treatment
		Prevention of HIV Infection
		Types of Testing
		HIV Pre- and Post-Test Counselling
	Fungal Infections
		Superficial Fungal Infections
		Dermatophytes
		Subcutaneous Fungal Infections
		Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly P. carinii)
		Pneumonia: PJP or PCP
		Cryptococcus spp.
		Candida albicans
		Aspergillus spp.
	Parasitic Infections
		Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebiasis)
		Giardia lamblia
		Trichomonas vaginalis
		Cryptosporidium spp.
	Blood and Tissue Infections
		Plasmodium spp. (Malaria)
		Trypanosoma cruzi
		Toxoplasma gondii
		Roundworms – Nematodes
		Cestodes/Trematodes
		Schistosoma spp.
	Travel Medicine
		General Travel Precautions
		Fever in the Returned Traveller
	Fever of Unknown Origin
	Infections in the Immunocompromised Host
		Febrile Neutropenia
		Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
		Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
	A Simplified Look at Antibiotics
	Antimicrobials
		Antibiotics
	Antivirals
	Antifungals
	Antiparasitics
	Quick Reference: Common Infections and Their Antibiotic Management
	References
Medical Genetics
	Acronyms
	Introduction to Genetics
		Pedigrees
		Genetic Testing and Counselling
	Dysmorphisms
		Congenital Anomalies
		Approach to the Dysmorphic Patient
	Syndromes and Diseases
		Other Single Gene Disorders
		Metabolic Diseases
	References
Medical Imaging
	Acronyms
	Imaging Modalities
		X-Ray Imaging
		Ultrasound
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Positron Emission Tomography Scans
		Contrast Enhancement
	Chest Imaging
		Chest X-Ray
		Chest Computed Tomography
		Lung Abnormalities
		Pulmonary Vascular Abnormalities
		Pleural Abnormalities
		Mediastinal Abnormalities
		Tubes, Lines, and Catheters
	Abdominal Imaging
		Abdominal X-Ray
		Approach to Abdominal X-Ray
		Abdominal Computed Tomography
		Approach to Abdominal Computed Tomography
		Contrast Studies
		Specific Visceral Organ Imaging
		“itis” Imaging
		Angiography of Gastrointestinal Tract
	Genitourinary System and Adrenal
		Urological Imaging
		Gynaecological Imaging
		Adrenal Mass
	Neuroradiology
		Modalities
		Approach to Head Computed Tomography
		Selected Pathology
	Musculoskeletal System
		Modalities
		Approach to Bone X-Rays
		Trauma
		Arthritis
		Bone Tumour
		Infection
		Metabolic Bone Disease
	Nuclear Medicine
		Brain
		Thyroid
		Respiratory
		Cardiac
		Abdomen and Genitourinary System
		Bone
	Interventional Radiology
		Vascular Procedures
		Nonvascular Interventions
	Breast Imaging
		Modalities
		Breast Interventional Procedures
		Breast Findings
	References
Nephrology
	Acronyms
	Basic Anatomy Review
		Embryology of the Kidney
		Renal Structure and Function
		Renal Hemodynamics
	Assessment of Renal Function
		Measurement of Renal Function
		Urinalysis
		Urine Microscopy
		Urine Biochemistry
	Electrolyte Disorders
		Sodium Homeostasis
		Hyponatremia
		Hypernatremia
		Diabetes Insipidus
		Potassium Homeostasis
		Hypokalemia
		Hyperkalemia
		Hyperphosphatemia
		Hypophosphatemia
		Hypermagnesemia
		Hypomagnesemia
	Acid-Base Disorders
		Metabolic Acidosis
		Metabolic Alkalosis
		Polyuria
	Acute Kidney Injury
		Approach to AKI
	Parenchymal Kidney Diseases
		Glomerular Diseases
		Glomerular Syndromes
		Tubulointerstitial Disease
		Vascular Diseases of the Kidney
		Analgesic Nephropathies
	Systemic Disease with Renal Manifestation
		Diabetes
		Scleroderma
		Multiple Myeloma
		Malignancy
	Chronic Kidney Disease
		Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
	Hypertension
		Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis
		Renovascular Hypertension
		Renal Parenchymal Hypertension
	Cystic Diseases of the Kidney
		Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Medullary Sponge Kidney
	End Stage Renal Disease
		Presentation of End Stage Renal Disease
	Renal Replacement Therapy
		Dialysis
		Renal Transplantation
	Common Medications
	Landmark Nephrology Trials
	References
Neurology
	Acronyms
	Approach to the Neurological Complaint
		Lesion Localization
	The Neurological Exam
		General Exam and Mental Status
		Cranial Nerve Exam
		Motor Exam
		Sensory Exam
		Coordination Exam and Gait
	Basic Anatomy Review
	Lumbar Puncture
	Approach to Common Presentations
		Weakness
		Numbness/Altered Sensation
		Gait Disturbance
	Cranial Nerve Deficits
		CN I: Olfactory Nerve
		CN II: Optic Nerve
		CN III: Oculomotor Nerve
		CN IV: Trochlear Nerve
		CN V: Trigeminal Nerve
		CN VI: Abducens Nerve
		CN VII: Facial Nerve
		CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve
		CN IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve
		CN X: Vagus Nerve
		CN XI: Accessory Nerve
		CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve
	Neuro-Ophthalmology
		Optic Neuritis
		Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
		Amaurosis Fugax
		Optic Disc Edema
		Optic Disc Atrophy
	Abnormalities of Visual Field
	Abnormalities of Eye Movements
		Disorders of Gaze
		Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
		Diplopia
		Nystagmus
		Abnormalities of Pupils
	Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxic Injuries
	Seizure Disorders and Epilepsy
		Seizure
		Status Epilepticus
	Behavioural Neurology
		Acute Confusional State/Delirium
		Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (Mild Cognitive Impairment)
		Major Neurocognitive Disorder (formerly Dementia)
		Major or Mild NCD due to Alzheimer’s Disease
		Major or Mild NCD with Lewy Bodies
		(formerly Dementia with Lewy Bodies)
		Major or Mild Frontotemporal NCD
		(formerly Frontotemporal Dementia)
		Major or Mild Vascular NCD
		Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
		Aphasia
		Apraxia
		Agnosia
	Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
	Neuro-Oncology
		Paraneoplastic Syndromes
		Tumours of the Nervous System
	Movement Disorders
		Function of the Basal Ganglia
		Overview of Movement Disorders
		Movement Disorders
		Parkinson’s Disease
		Other Parkinsonian Disorders
		Huntington’s Disease
		Wilson’s Disease
		Dystonia
		Tic Disorders
		Tourette’s Syndrome (Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome)
	Cerebellar Disorders
		Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
		Cerebellar Ataxias
	Vertigo
	Motor Neuron Disease
		Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease)
		Other Motor Neuron Diseases
	Peripheral Neuropathies
	Neuromuscular Junction Diseases
		Myasthenia Gravis
		Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
		Botulism
	Myopathies
		Clinical Approach to Muscle Diseases
		Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1
	Pain Syndromes
		Approach to Pain Syndromes
		Neuropathic Pain
		Trigeminal Neuralgia
		Postherpetic Neuralgia
		Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
		Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
	Headache
		Migraine Headaches
	Sleep Disorders
		Overview of Sleep
		Disturbances of Alertness and Sleep
	CNS Infections
	Spinal Cord Syndromes
	Stroke
		Terminology
		Pathophysiology
		Assessment and Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
		Primary and Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
		Cerebral Hemorrhage
	Neurocutaneous Syndromes
	Multiple Sclerosis
	Common Medications
	Landmark Neurology Trials
	References
Neurosurgery
	Acronyms
	Basic Anatomy Review
	Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
	INTRACRANIAL PATHOLOGY
	Intracranial Pressure Dynamics
		ICP/Volume Relationship
		Cerebral Blood Flow
		ICP Measurement
		Elevated ICP
	Herniation Syndromes
		Treatment of Elevated ICP
	Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
	(Pseudotumour Cerebri)
	Hydrocephalus
	CNS Tumours
		Metastatic Tumours
		Astrocytoma
		Meningioma
		Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)
		Pituitary Adenoma
	Cerebral Abscess
	Blood
		Extradural (“Epidural”) Hematoma
		Subdural Hematoma
	Cerebrovascular Disease
		Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		Intracranial Aneurysms
		Intracerebral Hemorrhage
	Vascular Malformations
		Arteriovenous Malformations, Cavernous
		Malformations, and Dural Fistulas
	Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulas
	EXTRACRANIAL PATHOLOGY
	Approach to Limb/Back Pain
	Extradural Lesions
		Root Compression
		Cervical Disc Syndrome
		Cervical Spondylosis
		Lumbar Disc Syndrome
		Cauda Equina Syndrome
		Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
		Neurogenic Claudication
	Intradural Intramedullary Lesions
		Syringomyelia (Syrinx)
	Spinal Cord Syndromes
	Peripheral Nerves
	SPECIALTY TOPICS
	Neurotrauma
		Trauma Assessment
		Head Injury
		Brain Injury
		Spinal Cord Injury
		Fractures of the Spine
		Neurologically Determined Death
		Coma
		Persistent Vegetative State
	Paediatric Neurosurgery
		Spinal Dysraphism
		Intraventricular Hemorrhage
		Hydrocephalus in Paediatrics
		Dandy-Walker Malformation
		Chiari Malformations
		Craniosynostosis
		Paediatric Brain Tumours
	Functional Neurosurgery
		Movement Disorders
		Neuropsychiatric Disorders
		Chronic Pain
	Surgical Management of Epilepsy
	Surgical Management for Trigeminal
	Neuralgia
	References
Obstetrics
	Acronyms
	Basic Anatomy Review
	Pregnancy
		Diagnosis of Pregnancy
	Maternal Physiologic Adaptations to Pregnancy
	Antepartum Care
		Preconception Counselling
		Initial Prenatal Visit
		Nausea and Vomiting
		Hyperemesis Gravidarum
		Subsequent Prenatal Visits
		Prenatal Screening and Diagnostic Tests
		Fetal Surveillance
	Counselling of the Pregnant Woman
		Nutrition
		Lifestyle
		Medications
		Immunizations
		Radiation
	Antepartum Hemorrhage
		Placenta Previa
		Placental Abruption
		Vasa Previa
	Obstetrical Complications
		Preterm Labour
		Premature Rupture of Membranes
		Post-term Pregnancy
		Intrauterine Fetal Death
		Intrauterine Growth Restriction
		Macrosomia
		Polyhydramnios/Oligohydramnios
	Multi-Fetal Gestation and Malpresentation
		Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
		Breech Presentation
	Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
		Hypertension in Pregnancy
	Medical Complications of Pregnancy
		Iron and Folate Deficiency Anemia
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Early-Onset Group B Streptococcus
		Urinary Tract Infection
		Infections During Pregnancy
		Venous Thromboembolism
	Normal Labour and Delivery
		Definition of Labour
		The Cervix
		The Fetus
		Four Stages of Labour
		The Cardinal Movements of the Fetus During Delivery
		Analgesic and Anesthetic Techniques in Labour
		and Birth
		Fetal Monitoring in Labour
	Induction and Augmentation of Labour
		Induction of Labour
		Methods for Induction of Labour
		Augmentation of Labour
	Abnormalities and Complications of Labour and Delivery
		Abnormal Progression of Labour (Dystocia)
		Shoulder Dystocia
		Umbilical Cord Prolapse
		Uterine Rupture
		Amniotic Fluid Embolism
		Chorioamnionitis
		Meconium
	Operative Obstetrics
		Operative Vaginal Delivery
		Forceps
		Vacuum Extraction
		Lacerations
		Episiotomy
		Caesarean Delivery
		Trial of Labour after Caesarean (TOLAC)
	Puerperal Complications
		Postpartum Hemorrhage
		Retained Placenta
		Uterine Inversion
		Postpartum Pyrexia
		Mastitis
		Postpartum Mood Alterations
	Postpartum Care
		Breastfeeding and Drugs
	Common Medications
	References
Ophthalmology
	Acronyms
	Basic Anatomy Review
	Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
		Loss of Vision
		Red Eye
		Ocular Pain
		Floaters
		Flashes of Light (Photopsia)
		Photophobia (Severe Light Sensitivity)
		Diplopia (Double Vision)
		Ocular Problems in the Contact Lens Wearer
	Ocular Emergencies
	The Ocular Examination
	Optics
	The Orbit
		Globe Displacement
		Preseptal Cellulitis
		Orbital Cellulitis
	Lacrimal Apparatus
		Dry Eye Syndrome (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca)
		Epiphora (Excessive Tearing)
		Dacryocystitis
		Dacryoadenitis
	Lids and Lashes
		Lid Swelling
		Ptosis
		Trichiasis
		Entropion
		Ectropion
		Hordeolum (Stye)
		Chalazion
		Blepharitis
		Xanthelasma
	Conjunctiva
		Pinguecula
		Pterygium
		Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
		Conjunctivitis
	Sclera
		Episcleritis
		Scleritis
	Cornea
		Foreign Body
		Corneal Abrasion
		Recurrent Erosions
		Corneal Ulcer
		Herpes Simplex Keratitis
		Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
		Keratoconus
		Arcus Senilis
		Kayser-Fleischer Ring
	The Uveal Tract
		Uveitis
	Lens
		Cataracts
		Dislocated Lens (Ectopia Lentis)
	Vitreous
		Posterior Vitreous Detachment
		Vitreous Hemorrhage
		Endophthalmitis and Vitritis
	Retina
		Central/Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
		Central/Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
		Retinal Detachment
		Retinitis Pigmentosa
		Age-Related Macular Degeneration
	Glaucoma
		Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
		Normal Tension Glaucoma
		Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma
		Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
		Secondary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
	Pupils
		Pupillary Light Reflex
		Pupil Abnormalities
		Dilated Pupil (Mydriasis)
		Constricted Pupil (Miosis)
		Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect
	Malignancies
		Lid Carcinoma
		Uveal Melanoma
		Metastases
	Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease
		HIV/AIDS
		Other Systemic Infections
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Hypertension
		Multiple Sclerosis
		Transient Ischemic Attack/Amaurosis Fugax
		Graves’ Disease
		Connective Tissue Disorders
		Giant Cell Arteritis/Temporal Arteritis
		Sarcoidosis
	Paediatric Ophthalmology
		Strabismus
		Amblyopia
		Leukocoria
		Retinoblastoma
		Retinopathy of Prematurity
		Nasolacrimal System Defects
		Ophthalmia Neonatorum
		Congenital Glaucoma
	Ocular Trauma
		Blunt Trauma
		Penetrating Trauma
		Hyphema
		Blow-Out Fracture
		Chemical Burns
	Ocular Drug Toxicity
	Common Medications
	References
Orthopaedic Surgery
	Acronyms
	Basic Anatomy Review
	Fractures – General Principles
		Fracture Description
		Approach to Fractures
		Fracture Healing
		General Fracture Complications
	Articular Cartilage
	Orthopaedic X-Ray Imaging
	Orthopaedic Emergencies
		Trauma Patient Workup
		Open Fractures
		Cauda Equina Syndrome
		Compartment Syndrome
		Osteomyelitis
		Septic Joint
	Shoulder
		Shoulder Dislocation
		Rotator Cuff Disease
		Acromioclavicular Joint Pathology
		Clavicle Fracture
		Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)
	Humerus
		Proximal Humeral Fracture
		Humeral Shaft Fracture
		Distal Humeral Fracture
	Elbow
		Supracondylar Fracture
		Radial Head Fracture
		Olecranon Fracture
		Elbow Dislocation
		Epicondylitis
	Forearm
		Radius and Ulna Shaft Fractures
		Monteggia Fracture
		Nightstick Fracture
		Galeazzi Fracture
	Wrist
		Colles’ Fracture
		Smith’s Fracture
		Complications of Wrist Fractures
		Scaphoid Fracture
	Hand
	Spine
		Fractures of the Spine
		Cervical Spine
		Thoracolumbar Spine
	Pelvis
		Pelvic Fracture
	Hip
		Hip Dislocation
		Hip Fracture
		Arthritis of the Hip
		Hip Dislocation Post-Total Hip Arthroplasty
	Femur
		Femoral Diaphysis Fracture
		Distal Femoral Fracture
	Knee
		Evaluation of Knee
		Cruciate Ligament Tears
		Collateral Ligament Tears
		Meniscal Tears
		Popliteal Cysts
		Quadriceps/Patellar Tendon Rupture
		Dislocated Knee
	Patella
		Patellar Fracture
		Patellar Dislocation
		Patellofemoral Syndrome (Chondromalacia Patellae)
	Tibia
		Tibial Plateau Fracture
		Tibial Shaft Fracture
	Ankle
		Evaluation of Ankle and Foot Complaints
		Ankle Fracture
		Ankle Ligamentous Injuries
	Foot
		Talar Fracture
		Calcaneal Fracture
		Achilles Tendonitis
		Achilles Tendon Rupture
		Plantar Fasciitis (Heel Spur Syndrome)
		Bunions (Hallux Valgus)
		Metatarsal Fracture
	Paediatric Orthopaedics
		Fractures in Children
		Stress Fractures
		Physeal Injury
		Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
		Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
		Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (Coxa Plana)
		Osgood-Schlatter Disease
		Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (Club Foot)
		Scoliosis
	Bone Tumours
		Benign Active Bone Tumours
		Benign Aggressive Bone Tumours
		Malignant Bone Tumours
	Common Medications
	References
Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery
	Acronyms
	Basic Anatomy Review
		Ear
		Nose
		Throat
		Head and Neck
		Anatomical Triangles of the Neck
	Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
		Dizziness
		Otalgia
		Hearing Loss
		Tinnitus
		Nasal Obstruction
		Hoarseness
		Neck Mass
	Hearing
		Normal Hearing Physiology
		Types of Hearing Loss
		Pure Tone Audiometry
		Speech Audiometry
		Impedance Audiometry
		Auditory Brainstem Response
		Otoacoustic Emissions
		Aural Rehabilitation
	Vertigo
		Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient
		Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
		Ménière’s Disease (Endolymphatic Hydrops)
		Vestibular Neuronitis (Labyrinthitis)
		Acoustic Neuroma (Vestibular Schwannoma)
	Tinnitus
	Diseases of the External Ear
		Cerumen Impaction
		Exostoses
		Otitis Externa
		Malignant (Necrotizing) Otitis Externa
		(Skull Base Osteomyelitis)
	Diseases of the Middle Ear
		Acute Otitis Media and Otitis Media with Effusion
		Chronic Otitis Media
		Cholesteatoma
		Mastoiditis
		Otosclerosis
	Diseases of the Inner Ear
		Congenital Sensorineural Hearing Loss
		Presbycusis
		Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
		Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease
		Drug Ototoxicity
		Noise-Induced Sensorineural Hearing Loss
		Temporal Bone Fractures
	Facial Nerve (CN VII) Paralysis
	Rhinitis
		Allergic Rhinitis (i.e. Hay Fever)
		Nonallergic Rhinopathy (i.e. Vasomotor Rhinitis)
	Rhinosinusitis
		Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis
		Chronic Rhinosinusitis
	Epistaxis
	Hoarseness
		Acute Laryngitis
		Chronic Laryngitis
		Vocal Cord Polyps
		Vocal Cord Nodules
		Benign Laryngeal Papillomatosis
		Laryngeal Carcinoma
	Salivary Glands
		Sialadenitis
		Sialolithiasis
		Salivary Gland Neoplasms
		Parotid Gland Neoplasms
	Neck Masses
		Approach to a Neck Mass
		Evaluation
	Congenital Neck Masses
		Branchial Cleft Cysts/Sinuses/Fistulae
		Thyroglossal Duct Cysts
		Lymphatic, Venous, or Mixed Venolymphatic
		Malformations
	Neoplasms of the Head and Neck
		Thyroid Carcinoma
	Paediatric Otolaryngology
		Acute Otitis Media
		Otitis Media with Effusion
		Adenoid Hypertrophy
		Adenoidectomy
		Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Children
		Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)
		Tonsillectomy
		Airway Problems in Children
		Signs of Airway Obstruction
		Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
		Acute Epiglottitis
		Subglottic Stenosis
		Laryngomalacia
		Foreign Body
		Deep Neck Space Infection
	Common Medications
	References
Paediatrics
	Acronyms
	Paediatric Quick Reference Values
	Primary Care
		Visit Overview
		Routine Immunization
		Growth and Development
		Nutrition
		Injury Prevention Counselling
		Circumcision
	Common Complaints
		Breath Holding Spells
		Crying/Fussing Child
		Infantile Colic
		Dentition and Caries
		Enuresis
		Encopresis
		Toilet Training
		Failure to Thrive
		Obesity
		Poison Prevention
		Rashes
		Sleep Disturbances
		Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
	Adolescent Medicine
	Child Abuse and Neglect
		Physical Abuse
		Sexual Abuse
		Neglect
	Cardiology
		Congenital Heart Disease
		Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
		Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
		Congestive Heart Failure
		Dysrhythmias
		Heart Murmurs
		Infective Endocarditis
	Development
		Approach to Global Developmental Delay
		Intellectual Disability
		Language Delay
		Specific Learning Disorder
		Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
		Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
		Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Motor Delay
	Endocrinology
		Antidiuretic Hormone
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Growth
		Hypercalcemia/Hypocalcemia/Rickets
		Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism
		Disorders of Sexual Development
	Fluids and Electrolytes
		Approach to Infant/Child with Dehydration
	Gastroenterology
		Vomiting
		Gastroesophageal Reflux
		Tracheoesophageal Fistula
		Pyloric Stenosis
		Duodenal Atresia
		Malrotation of the Intestine
		Diarrhea
		Gastroenteritis
		Toddler’s Diarrhea
		Lactase Deficiency (Lactose Intolerance)
		Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		Celiac Disease
		Cow’s Milk Allergy
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Cystic Fibrosis
		Constipation
		Abdominal Pain
		Chronic Abdominal Pain
		Abdominal Mass
		Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
	Genetics, Dysmorphisms, and Metabolism
	Hematology
		Approach to Anemia
		Physiologic Anemia
		Iron Deficiency Anemia
		Vitamin K Deficiency
		Anemia of Chronic Disease
		Sickle Cell Disease
		Thalassemia
		Hereditary Spherocytosis
		Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
		Bleeding Disorders
		Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
		Hemophilia
		von Willebrand’s Disease
	Oncology
		Lymphadenopathy
		Leukemia
		Lymphoma
		Brain Tumours
		Wilms’ Tumour (Nephroblastoma)
		Neuroblastoma
		Bone Tumours
		Cancer Predisposition Syndromes
	Infectious Diseases
		Fever
		Acute Otitis Media
		Otitis Media with Effusion
		Gastroenteritis
		HIV Infection
		Infectious Paediatric Exanthems
		Infectious Mononucleosis
		Infectious Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis
		Meningitis
		Mumps
		Pertussis
		Pneumonia
		Periorbital (Preseptal) and Orbital Cellulitis
		Sexually Transmitted Infections
		Sinusitis
		Urinary Tract Infection
	Neonatology
		Gestational Age and Size
		Routine Neonatal Care
		Neonatal Resuscitation
		Common Conditions of Neonates
		Apnea
		Bleeding Disorders in Neonates
		Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
		Cyanosis
		Diaphragmatic Hernia
		Hypoglycemia
		Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
		Necrotizing Enterocolitis
		Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
		Respiratory Distress in the Newborn
		Retinopathy of Prematurity
		Sepsis in the Neonate
		Skin Conditions of the Neonate
	Nephrology
		Common Paediatric Renal Diseases
		Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
		Nephritic Syndrome
		Nephrotic Syndrome
		Hypertension in Childhood
	Neurology
		Cerebral Palsy
		Febrile Seizures
		Hypotonia
		Neurocutaneous Syndromes
		Recurrent Headache
		Seizure Disorders
	Respirology
		Asthma
		Bronchiolitis
		Cystic Fibrosis
		Pneumonia
		Respiratory Distress
	Rheumatology
		Growing Pains
		Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
		Limb Pain
		Lyme Arthritis
		Reactive Arthritis
		Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Transient Synovitis of the Hip
		Vasculitides
	Common Medications
	References
Palliative Medicine
	Acronyms
	Palliative Approach to Care
		Palliative Care
	Pain and Symptom Management
		Assessment Tools
	Care of the Dying Patient
		Patient Assessment
	Paediatric Palliative Care
		Assessment Tools
		Symptom Management
	Psychosocial and Spiritual Needs
	End-of-Life Decision Making
		Types of Discussions
	Communication
		Approach to Communicating Bad News
	Collaboration
	Suffering
	Self-Care
	References
Plastic Surgery
	Acronyms
	Basic Anatomy Review
		Skin
		Hand
		Brachial Plexus
		Face
	Skin Lesions and Masses
		Differential Diagnosis of Skin Lesions/Masses
		Surgical Management of Malignant Skin Lesions
	Basic Surgical Techniques
		Sutures and Suturing
		Excision
		Skin Biopsy Types and Techniques
	Wounds
		Types of Wounds
		Infected Wounds
		Dressings
		Reconstruction
	Soft Tissue Infections
		Erysipelas
		Cellulitis
		Necrotizing Fasciitis
	Ulcers
		Lower Limb Ulcers
		Pressure Ulcers
	Burns
		Burn Injuries
		Pathophysiology of Burn Wounds
		Diagnosis and Prognosis
		Indications for Transfer to Burn Centre
		Acute Care of Burn Patients
		Special Considerations
	Hand
		Traumatic Hand
		General Management of Hand Injuries
		Hand Infections
		Amputations
		Tendons
		Fractures and Dislocations
		Dupuytren’s Disease
		Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
	Brachial Plexus
	Craniofacial Injuries
		Approach to Facial Injuries
		Mandibular Fractures
		Maxillary Fractures
		Nasal Fractures
		Zygomatic Fractures
		Orbital Floor Fractures
		Traumatic Auricular Hematoma (Cauliflower Ear)
	Breast
		Anatomy
		Breast Reduction
		Mastopexy (Breast Lift)
		Breast Augmentation
		Gynecomastia
		Breast Reconstruction
		Nipple Areolar Complex Reconstruction
	Aesthetic Surgery
		Aesthetic Procedures
	Gender-Affirming Surgery
	Paediatric Plastic Surgery
		Craniofacial Anomalies
		Congenital Hand Anomalies
	References
Psychiatry
	Acronyms
	Psychiatric Assessment
		History
		Mental Status Exam
	Assessment and Plan
	Suicide
	Psychotic Disorders
		Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis
		Schizophrenia
		Schizophreniform Disorder
		Brief Psychotic Disorder
		Schizoaffective Disorder
		Delusional Disorder
	Mood Disorders
		Mood Episodes
		Depressive Disorders
		Postpartum Mood Disorders
		Bipolar Disorders
	Anxiety Disorders
		Panic Disorder
		Agoraphobia
		Generalized Anxiety Disorder
		Social Anxiety
		Phobic Disorders
	Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
		Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
		Related Disorders
	Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
		Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
		Adjustment Disorder
	Bereavement
	Neurocognitive Disorders
		Delirium
		Major Neurocognitive Disorder (Dementia)
	Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
		Nicotine
		Alcohol
		Opioids
		Cocaine
		Amphetamines
		Cannabis
		Hallucinogens
		“Club Drugs”
	Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
		Somatic Symptom Disorder
		Illness Anxiety Disorder
		Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological
		Symptom Disorder)
	Dissociative Disorders
		Dissociative Identity Disorder
		Dissociative Amnesia
		Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
	Sleep Disorders
	Sexuality and Gender
		Gender Dysphoria
		Paraphilic Disorders
		Sexual Addiction
		Sexual Dysfunction
	Eating Disorders
		Anorexia Nervosa
		Bulimia Nervosa
		Binge-Eating Disorder
		Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
	Personality Disorders
	Child Psychiatry
		Developmental Concepts
		Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents
		Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
	Neurodevelopmental Disorders
		Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
	Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorder
		Oppositional Defiant Disorder
		Conduct Disorder
		Intermittent Explosive Disorder
	Psychotherapy
	Pharmacotherapy
		Antipsychotics
		Antidepressants
		Mood Stabilizers
		Anxiolytics
	Somatic Therapies
		Electroconvulsive Therapy
		Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
		Magnetic Seizure Therapy (Experimental)
		Neurosurgical Treatments
		Other Therapy Modalities
	Canadian Legal Issues
		Common Forms
		Consent
		Community Treatment Order (CTO)
		Duty to Inform/Warn
	References
Public Health and Preventive Medicine
	Acronyms
	Public Health Context
		Public Health in Canada
		Legislation and Public Health in Canada
	Determinants of Health
		Concepts of Health
		Groups Facing Systemic Barriers,
		Discrimination, and Structural Violence
		Indigenous Health in Canada
		Disease Prevention
	Measurements of Health and Disease
	in a Population
	Epidemiology
		Interpreting Test Results
		Effectiveness of Interventions
	Types of Study Design
		Qualitative vs. Quantitative
		Observational Study Designs
		Experimental Study Designs
		Summary Study Designs
	Methods of Analysis
		Distributions
		Data Analysis
		Common Statistical Tests
		Causation
		Assessing Evidence
	Health System Planning and Quality
		Continuous Quality Improvement
		Cost Analysis
	Managing Disease Outbreaks
		Definitions
		Steps to Control an Outbreak
		Infection Control Targets
	Environmental Health
		Environmental Risk Assessment
		Air
		Water
		Soil
		Food
		Environmental Racism
	Occupational Health
		Taking an Occupational Health History
		Occupational Hazards
		Workplace Legislation
		Workplace Health Promotion
		Workplace Primary Prevention
		Workplace Secondary Prevention
		Workplace Tertiary Prevention
	Appendix – Mandatory Reporting
		Reportable Diseases
		Other Reportable Conditions
	References
Respirology
	Acronyms
	Approach to the Respiratory Patient
		Basic Anatomy Review
		Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
		Pulmonary Function Tests
		Chest X-Rays
		Arterial Blood Gases
	Airway Disease
		Pneumonia
		Asthma
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		Bronchiectasis
		Cystic Fibrosis
	Interstitial Lung Disease
		Unknown Etiologic Agents
		Known Etiologic Agents
	Pulmonary Vascular Disease
		Pulmonary Hypertension
		Pulmonary Embolism
		Pulmonary Vasculitis
		Pulmonary Edema
	Diseases of the Mediastinum and Pleura
		Mediastinal Masses
		Mediastinitis
		Pleural Effusions
		Complicated Effusion
		Empyema
		Atelectasis
		Pneumothorax
		Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease and Mesothelioma
	Respiratory Failure
		Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure
		Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
		Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
	Neoplasms
		Lung Cancer
		Approach to the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
	Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
		Hypoventilation Syndromes
		Sleep Apnea
	Introduction to Intensive Care
		Intensive Care Unit Basics
		Lines and Catheters
		Organ Failure
		Shock
		Sepsis
	Common Medications
	Landmark Respirology Trials
	References
Rheumatology
	Acronyms
	Anatomy of Joint Pathology
	Basics of Immunology
		Immune Mechanisms of Disease
		Immunogenetics and Disease
	Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
	Synovial Fluid Analysis
	Septic Arthritis
	Degenerative Arthritis: Osteoarthritis
	Seropositive Rheumatic Disease
	Connective Tissue Disorders
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
		Scleroderma (i.e. Systemic Sclerosis)
		Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy
		Sjögren’s Syndrome
		Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
		Overlap Syndrome
	Vasculitides
		Small Vessel Non-ANCA Associated Vasculitis
		Small Vessel ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
		Medium Vessel Vasculitis
		Large Vessel Vasculitis
	Seronegative Rheumatic Disease
		Ankylosing Spondylitis
		Enteropathic Arthritis
		Psoriatic Arthritis
		Reactive Arthritis
	Crystal-Induced Arthropathies
		Gout
		Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Disease)
	Non-Articular Rheumatism
		Polymyalgia Rheumatica
		Fibromyalgia
	Common Medications
	Landmark Rheumatology Trials
	References
Urology
	Acronyms
	Basic Anatomy Review
	Urologic History
	Hematuria
		Macroscopic (Gross) Hematuria
		Microscopic Hematuria
	Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
		Urinary Incontinence
	Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
		Urinary Retention
		Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
		Urethral Stricture
		Neurogenic Bladder
		Dysuria
		Hydronephrosis
		Post-Obstructive Diuresis
	Overactive Bladder
	Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases
		Urinary Tract Infection
		Recurrent/Chronic Cystitis
		Interstitial Cystitis (Painful Bladder or Bladder Pain Syndrome)
		Acute Pyelonephritis
		Prostatitis/Prostatodynia
		Epididymitis and Orchitis
		Urethritis
	Stone Disease
		Approach to Renal Stones
	Urological Neoplasms
		Approach to Renal Mass
		Benign Renal Neoplasms
		Malignant Renal Neoplasms
		Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
		Bladder Carcinoma
		Prostate Cancer
		PSA Screening
		Testicular Tumours
		Penile Tumours
	Scrotal Masses
	Penile Complaints
		Erectile Dysfunction
	Trauma
		Renal Trauma
		Bladder Trauma
		Urethral Injuries
	Infertility
		Female Factors
		Male Factors
	Paediatric Urology
		Congenital Abnormalities
		Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ Tumour)
		Cryptorchidism/Ectopic Testes
		Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
		Enuresis
	Selected Urological Procedures
		Bladder Catheterization
		Circumcision
		Vasectomy
		Cystoscopy
		Radical Prostatectomy
		Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
		Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
		Transition-Related Surgeries
	Common Medications
	References
Vascular Surgery
	Acronyms
	Arterial Disease
		Acute Limb Ischemia
		Peripheral Arterial Disease
	Aortic Disease
		Aortic Dissection
		Aortic Aneurysm
	Carotid Stenosis
	Venous Disease
		Venous Thromboembolism
		Chronic Venous Insufficiency
	Lymphedema
	References