Toronto notes 2024 volume 1

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgements
Student Contributors
Faculty Contributors
Table of Contents
How to Use Book
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Unit Conversions
Measured Laboratory Values
Ethical, Legal, and Organizational Medicine
	Acronyms
		History of the Canadian Healthcare System and Crown-Indigenous Relations Pursuant to Healthcare
		Healthcare Expenditure and Delivery in Canada
		Physician Licensure and Certification
		Role of Professional Associations
		Confidentiality
		Consent and Capacity
		Negligence
		Truth-Telling
		Ethical Issues in Health Care
		End-of-Life Care
		Physician Competence and Professional Conduct
		Research Ethics
		Resource Allocation
	Clinical Informatics and Ethical Considerations
		Overview of Digital Health Technologies
		Movement Towards Reconciliation
		Indigenous Health Coverage and Jurisdictions
	References
Anesthesia
	Acronyms
		Preoperative Investigations
		Hypertension
		Fasting Guidelines
	Monitoring
		Methods of Supporting Airways
		Difficult Airway
		Ventilation
	Intraoperative Management
		Blood Pressure
		IV Fluids
	Induction
		Muscle Relaxants and Reversing Agents
	Maintenance
	Regional Anesthesia
		Peripheral Nerve Blocks
		Systemic Toxicity
		Local Infiltration and Hematoma Blocks
	Pain Management
		Neuropathic Pain
	Paediatric Anesthesia
	Uncommon Complications
		Abnormal Pseudocholinesterase
		Difficult Tracheal Intubation
		Advanced Cardiac Life Support Guidelines
	Landmark Anesthesiology Trials
	References
Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery
	Acronyms
		Cardiac Anatomy
		Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
		Local Edema
	Cardiac Diagnostic Tests
		Alternative PQRSTU Approach to ECGs
		Cardiac Biomarkers
		Echocardiography
		Stress Testing
		Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography
		Coronary Angiography
	CARDIAC DISEASE
		Bradyarrhythmias
		Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
		Pre-Excitation Syndromes
		Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
		Sudden Cardiac Arrest
		Electrical Pacing
	Ischemic Heart Disease
		Chronic Stable Angina
		Acute Coronary Syndromes
		Treatment Algorithm for Acute Coronary Syndrome
		Coronary Revascularization
	Heart Failure
		Sleep-Disordered Breathing
		Myocarditis
		Dilated Cardiomyopathy
		Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
		Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
		Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
		Ventricular Assist Devices
	Valvular Heart Disease
		Prosthetic Valve Management
		Summary of Valvular Disease
	Pericardial Disease
		Pericardial Effusion
		Cardiac Tamponade
		Constrictive Pericarditis
	Extracorporeal Circulation
		Cardiopulmonary Bypass
	Common Medications
		Antiarrhythmics
	Landmark Cardiac Trials
	References
Clinical Pharmacology
	Acronyms
	Pharmacokinetics
		Distribution
		Elimination
		Pharmacokinetic Considerations
	Pharmacodynamics
		Effects of Drugs on Receptors
		Effectiveness and Safety
	Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
		Approach to Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions
	Autonomic Pharmacology
		Opioid Therapy and Chronic Non-Cancer Pain
	Landmark Pharmacology Trials
Dermatology
	Acronyms
		Skin Anatomy
		Skin Function
		Patterns and Distribution
	Common Skin Lesions
		Hyperkeratotic Lesions
		Keloids
		Vascular Lesions
		Lipoma
	Acneiform Eruptions
		Perioral Dermatitis
	Dermatitis (Eczema)
		Contact Dermatitis
		Seborrheic Dermatitis
	Papulosquamous Diseases
	Vesiculobullous Diseases
		Dermatitis Herpetiformis
		Urticarial
		Pustular
	Heritable Disorders
		Neurofibromatosis (Type I; von Recklinghausen’s Disease)
	Infections
		Bacterial Infections: Dermis
		Bacterial Infections: Epidermis and Dermis
		Parasitic Infections
		Viral Infections
		Yeast Infections
		Sexually Transmitted Infections
	Pre-Malignant Skin Conditions
	Malignant Skin Tumours
		Malignant Melanoma
		Other Cutaneous Cancers
	Diseases of Hair Density
		Scarring (Cicatricial) Alopecia
	Nails and Disorders of the Nail Apparatus
	Adnexal Disorders
	Oral Diseases
	Skin Manifestations of Systemic Disease
	Paediatric Exanthems
		Erythema Nodosum
		Wounds and Ulcers
		Dermatologic Therapies
	Traumatic and Mechanical Disorders
	Landmark Dermatology Trials
	References
Emergency Medicine
	Acronyms
		2. Resuscitation
		3. Secondary Survey
		Ethical Considerations
	Traumatology
		Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
		Chest Trauma
		Abdominal Trauma
		Genitourinary Tract Injuries
		Orthopaedic Injuries
		Wound Management
	Approach to Common ED Presentations
		Acute Pelvic Pain
		Chest Pain
		Headache
		Joint and Back Pain
		Seizures
		Shortness of Breath
		Sexual Assault
	Medical Emergencies
		Cardiac Dysrhythmias
		Acute Exacerbation of COPD
		Heart Failure
		Diabetic Emergencies
		Electrolyte Disturbances
		Acute Coronary Syndrome
		Sepsis
			Otolaryngological Presentations and Emergencies
		Epistaxis
		Pregnant Patient in the ED
		Nephrolithiasis (Renal Colic)
	Dermatologic Emergencies
	Environmental Injuries
		Inhalation Injury
		Near Drowning
	Toxicology
		D2 – Draw Bloods
		D3 – Decontamination and Enhanced Elimination
		E – Expose and Examine the Patient
		Alcohol Related Emergencies
		Disposition from the Emergency Department
	Psychiatric Emergencies
	Common Paediatric ED Presentations
		Febrile Infant and Febrile Seizures
		Abdominal Pain
		Child Abuse and Neglect
	Landmark Emergency Medicine Trials
	References
Endocrinology
	Acronyms
	Dyslipidemias
		Secondary Dyslipidemias
		Treatment of Dyslipidemias
	Disorders of Glucose Metabolism
		Treatment of Diabetes
		Acute Complications
		Macrovascular Complications
		Microvascular Complications
		Other Complications
		Metabolic Syndrome
		Growth Hormone
		Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
		Antidiuretic Hormone
	Thyroid
		Tests of Thyroid Function and Structure
		Thyrotoxicosis
		Graves’ Disease
		Subacute Thyroiditis (Thyrotoxic Phase)
		Hypothyroidism
		Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
		Non-Thyroidal Illness (Sick Euthyroid Syndrome)
		Thyroid Nodules
		Adrenocortical Functional Workup
		Cushing’s Syndrome
		Hyperandrogenism
		Adrenocortical Insufficiency
	Adrenal Medulla
	Disorders of Multiple Endocrine Glands
	Calcium Homeostasis
		Hypercalcemia
		Hypocalcemia
	Metabolic Bone Disease
		Osteomalacia and Rickets
		Renal Osteodystrophy
		Paget’s Disease of Bone
	Male Reproductive Endocrinology
		Erectile Dysfunction
	Female Reproductive Endocrinology
	Paraneoplastic Syndrome
	Common Medications
		Thyroid Medications
		Metabolic Bone Disease Medications
		Adrenal Medications
	Landmark Endocrinology Trials
	References
Family Medicine
	Acronyms
	Periodic Health Examination
		Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines
		Colorectal Cancer Screening Guidelines
		Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines
	Health Promotion and Counselling
		Obesity
		Dyslipidemia
		Exercise
		Alcohol Use
	Common Presenting Problems
		Allergic Rhinitis
		Amenorrhea
		Asthma/COPD
		Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
		Bronchitis (Acute)
		Common Cold (Acute Rhinitis)
		Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
		Depression
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Dizziness
		Domestic Violence/Elder Abuse
		Dyspepsia
		Dyspnea
		Epistaxis
		Fatigue
		Fever
		Headache
		Hypertension
		Joint Pain
		Menopause/Hormone Therapy
		Osteoarthritis
		Osteoporosis
		Rash
		Sinusitis
		Sleep Disorders
		Sore Throat (Pharyngitis)
	Palliative Care
	Antimicrobial Quick Reference
	Landmark Family Medicine Trials
	References
Gastroenterology
	Acronyms
		Visualizing the Gastrointestinal Tract
	Esophagus
		Barrett’s Esophagus
		Dysphagia
		Esophageal Diverticula
	Stomach and Duodenum
		Gastritis
		H. pylori-Induced Peptic Ulceration
		Stress-Induced Ulceration
		Acute Diarrhea
		Traveller’s Diarrhea
		Chronic Diarrhea
		Celiac Disease (Gluten Enteropathy/Sprue)
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Crohn’s Disease
		Ulcerative Colitis
		Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		Constipation
		Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		Esophageal Varices
		Mallory-Weiss Tear
		Diverticular Bleeding
		Benign Anorectal Disease
		Hepatitis A Virus
		Hepatitis D Virus
		Autoimmune Liver Disease
		Wilson’s Disease
		Alcoholic Liver Disease
		Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
		Acute Liver Failure (formerly Fulminant Hepatic Failure)
		Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		Hepatic Encephalopathy
		Ascites
	Biliary Tract
		Gilbert’s Syndrome
		Primary Biliary Cholangitis (formerly Primary Biliary Cirrhosis)
	Pancreas
		Chronic Pancreatitis
		Autoimmune Pancreatitis
		Enteral Nutrition
	Common Medications
	Landmark Gastroenterology Trials
	References
General and Thoracic Surgery
	Acronyms
		Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
		Abdominal Mass
		Gastrointestinal Bleeding
	Preoperative Preparations
	Surgical Complications
		Urinary and Renal Complications
		Cardiac Complications
		Intra-Abdominal Abscess
		Lung Cancer
		Pleura, Lung, and Mediastinum
		Tube Thoracostomy
		Lung Transplantation
		Mediastinal Masses
		Esophageal Carcinoma
		Esophageal Perforation
		Hiatus Hernia
		Achalasia
	Stomach and Duodenum
		Gastric Carcinoma
		Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour
		Bariatric Surgery
	SMALL INTESTINE
		Paralytic Ileus
		Tumours of Small Intestine
		Short Gut Syndrome
		Groin Hernias
	Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		Ulcerative Colitis
			Functional Large Bowel Obstruction: Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie’s Syndrome)
	Diverticular Disease
	Colorectal Neoplasms
		Familial Colon Cancer Syndromes
		Colorectal Carcinoma
	Other Conditions of the Large Intestine
		Toxic Megacolon
		Fistula
	Anorectum
		Anal Fissures
		Fistula-In-Ano
		Rectal Prolapse
	Liver
		Liver Abscesses
		Liver Transplantation
	Biliary Tract
		Biliary Colic
		Acalculous Cholecystitis
		Acute Cholangitis
		Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
	Pancreas
		Chronic Pancreatitis
	Spleen
		Splenectomy
	Breast
		Breast Cancer
	Surgical Endocrinology
		Pancreas
	Paediatric Surgery
	Skin Lesions
	Common Medications
	Landmark General and Thoracic Surgery Trials
	References
Geriatric Medicine
	Acronyms
	Framework for the Approach to the Older Adult
	Presentations in Older Adults
		Delirium
		Elder Abuse
		Falls
		Frailty
		Immobility
		Incontinence
		Malnutrition
		Presbycusis
	Driving Competency
	Hazards of Hospitalization
	Healthcare Institutions
		Polypharmacy
	Common Medications
	Landmark Geriatric Medicine Trials
	References
Gynaecology
	Acronyms
	Menstruation
		Stages of Puberty
	Common Investigations and Procedures
	Disorders of Menstruation
		Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
		Dysmenorrhea
	Adenomyosis
	Fibroids
	Contraception
		Hormonal Methods
		Intrauterine Device
	Termination of Pregnancy
	Pregnancy-Related Complications
	Ectopic Pregnancy
	Infertility
		Male Factors
	Gynaecological Infections
		Sexually Transmitted Infections
		Bartholin Gland Abscess
		Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
		Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
		Surgical Infections
	Menopause
		Menopause Hormone Therapy
	Urogynaecology
		Urinary Incontinence
	Gynaecological Oncology
		Ovary
		Cervix
		Fallopian Tube
		Vagina
		Gestational Trophoblastic Disease/Neoplasia
	Common Medications
	Landmark Gynaecology Trials
	References
Hematology
	Acronyms
		Complete Blood Count
		Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy
	Common Presenting Problems
		Erythrocytosis
		Thrombocytosis
		Neutrophilia
		Lymphocytosis
		Lymphopenia
		Leukemoid Reaction
	Approach to Splenomegaly
	Microcytic Anemia
		Iron Deficiency Anemia
		Anemia of Chronic Disease
		Sideroblastic Anemia
	Hemolytic Anemia
		Thalassemia
		β-Thalassemia Minor (Thalassemia Trait)
		β-Thalassemia Intermedia
		Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
		Hereditary Spherocytosis
	Macrocytic Anemia
		Folate Deficiency
	Disorders of Primary Hemostasis
		Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
	Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis
		Hemophilia B (Factor IX Deficiency)
		Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
	Hypercoagulable Disorders
	Venous Thromboembolism
		Approach to Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism
			Hematologic Malignancies and Related Disorders
		Myelodysplastic Syndromes
	Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
		Polycythemia Vera
		Idiopathic Myelofibrosis
		Essential Thrombocythemia
	Lymphoid Malignancies
	Lymphomas
		Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
			Malignant Clonal Proliferations of Mature B-Cells
		Multiple Myeloma
		Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance
		Tumour Lysis Syndrome
		Platelets
		Acute Blood Transfusion Reactions
		Delayed Blood Transfusion Reactions
	Common Medications
		Anticoagulant Therapy
		Chemotherapeutic and Biologic Agents Used in Oncology
	Landmark Hematology Trials
	References
Infectious Diseases
	Acronyms
		Virology
		Mycology
		Transmission of Infectious Diseases
		Respiratory Infections
		Influenza
		COVID-19
	Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
		Necrotizing Fasciitis
	Gastrointestinal Infections
		Diabetic Foot Infections
		Osteomyelitis
	CNS Infections
		Encephalitis
		Generalized Tetanus
	Systemic Infections
		Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)
		Lyme Disease
		Cat Scratch Disease
		West Nile Virus
	Tuberculosis
	HIV and AIDS
		Natural History
		Anti-Retroviral Treatment
		Prevention of HIV Infection
		Types of Testing
	Endemic Mycoses
		Cryptococcus spp.
		Aspergillus spp.
			Giardia lamblia
	Blood and Tissue Infections
		Trypanosoma cruzi
	Helminths
		Flatworms – Cestodes/Trematode
	Ectoparasites
		Fever in the Returned Traveller
	Fever of Unknown Origin
	Infections in the Immunocompromised Host
		Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
	A Simplified Look at Antibiotics
	Antimicrobials
	Antivirals
	Antifungals
	Antiparasitics
		Quick Reference: Common Infections and Their Antibiotic Management
	References
Medical Genetics
	Acronyms
		Pedigrees
		Genetic Testing and Counselling
		Approach to the Patient with Physical Differences
	Genetic Conditions
		Other Single Gene Disorders
		Metabolic Diseases
	Landmark Medical Genetics Trials
	References
Medical Imaging
	Acronyms
		Ultrasound
		Contrast Agents
		Chest Computed Tomography
		Lung Abnormalities
		Pulmonary Vascular Abnormalities
		Pleural Abnormalities
		Tubes, Lines, and Catheters
	Abdominal Imaging
		Abdominal Computed Tomography
		Approach to Abdominal Computed Tomography
		Contrast Studies
		“itis” Imaging
		Angiography of Gastrointestinal Tract
		Gynaecological Imaging
		Adrenal Mass
		Approach to Head Computed Tomography
		Selected Pathology
	Musculoskeletal System
		Approach to Bone X-Rays
		Infection
	Nuclear Medicine
		Cardiac
	Interventional Radiology
		Nonvascular Interventions
	Breast Imaging
		Breast Interventional Procedures
	Landmark Radiology Trials
	References
Nephrology
	Acronyms
		Renal Hemodynamics
		Urinalysis
		Urine Microscopy
		Urine Biochemistry
		Hyponatremia
		Hypernatremia
		Diabetes Insipidus
		Hyperkalemia
		Hyperphosphatemia
		Hypophosphatemia
	Acid-Base Disorders
		Metabolic Acidosis
		Metabolic Alkalosis
		Polyuria
	Parenchymal Kidney Diseases
		Glomerular Syndromes
		Tubulointerstitial Disease
		Vascular Diseases of the Kidney
		Analgesic Nephropathies
		Scleroderma
		Malignancy
	Hypertension
	Cystic Diseases of the Kidney
		Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
	Renal Replacement Therapy
	Renal Transplantation
	Common Medications
	Landmark Nephrology Trials
	References
Neurology
	Acronyms
	The Neurological Exam
		Cranial Nerve Exam
		Sensory Exam
		Lumbar Puncture
		Numbness/Altered Sensation
	Cranial Nerve Deficits
		CN IV: Trochlear Nerve
		CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve
	Neuro-Ophthalmology
	Abnormalities of Visual Field
		Diplopia
	Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxic Injuries
	Seizure Disorders and Epilepsy
		Status Epilepticus
	Behavioural Neurology
		Major Neurocognitive Disorder (formerly Dementia)
		Major or Mild Neurocognitive Dementia due to Alzheimer’s Disease
		Major or Mild Neurocognitive Dementia with Lewy Bodies (formerly Dementia with Lewy Bodies)
		Major or Mild Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Dementia (formerly Frontotemporal Dementia)
		Major or Mild Vascular Neurocognitive Dementia
		Apraxia
		Agnosia
	Neuro-Oncology
		Overview of Movement Disorders
		Parkinson’s Disease
		Other Parkinsonian Disorders
	Tic Disorders
	Cerebellar Disorders
	Vertigo
	Peripheral Neuropathies
		Guillain-Barré Syndrome
	Neuromuscular Junction Diseases
		Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
	Myopathies
	Pain Syndromes
		Trigeminal Neuralgia
		Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
	Headache
		Migraine Headaches
	Sleep Disorders
		Coma
		Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement in Sleep
	Central Nervous System Infections
		Assessment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
		Primary and Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
		Cerebral Hemorrhage
	Common Medications
	Landmark Neurology Trials
	References
Neurosurgery
	Acronyms
		Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
			ICP/Volume Relationship
			Cerebral Blood Flow
	Herniation Syndromes
		Treatment of Elevated ICP
	Hydrocephalus
	Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
		Metastatic Tumours
		Adult Diffuse Gliomas
		Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
		Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)
	Cerebral Abscess
	Blood
		Subdural Hematoma
		Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		Intracranial Aneurysms
		Intracerebral Hemorrhage
	Vascular Malformations
	Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulas
		Root Compression
	Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
		Lumbar Disc Syndrome
		Cauda Equina Syndrome
		Neurogenic Claudication
	Spinal Cord Syndromes
	SPECIALTY TOPICS
		Head Injury
		Brain Injury
		Spinal Cord Injury
		Fractures of the Spine
		Neurologically Determined Death
		Persistent Vegetative State
		Intraventricular Hemorrhage
		Dandy-Walker Malformation
		Craniosynostosis
	Functional Neurosurgery
		Chronic Pain
	Surgical Management for Trigeminal Neuralgia
	References
Obstetrics
	Acronyms
	Pregnancy
	Antepartum Care
		Nausea and Vomiting
		Subsequent Prenatal Visits
		Prenatal Screening and Diagnostic Tests
		Fetal Surveillance
	Counselling of the Pregnant Patient
		Lifestyle
		Medications
	Antepartum Hemorrhage
		Placental Abruption
		Vasa Previa
		Prelabour Rupture of Membranes
		Postterm Pregnancy
		Intrauterine Fetal Demise
		Macrosomia
		Polyhydramnios/Oligohydramnios
	Multi-Fetal Gestation and Malpresentation
		Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
	Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
	Medical Complications of Pregnancy
		Early-Onset Group B Streptococcus Disease
		Urinary Tract Infection
		Venous Thromboembolism
	Normal Labour and Delivery
		Four Stages of Labour
		The Cardinal Movements of the Fetus During Delivery
		Fetal Monitoring in Labour
	Induction and Augmentation of Labour
		Methods for Induction of Labour
		Augmentation of Labour
		Umbilical Cord Prolapse
		Amniotic Fluid Embolism
		Meconium
		Forceps
		Episiotomy
		Trial of Labour after Caesarean (TOLAC)
		Retained Placenta
		Postpartum Pyrexia
		Postpartum Mood Alterations
	Postpartum Care
	Common Medications
	References
Ophthalmology
	Acronyms
		Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
		Ocular Pain
		Diplopia (Double Vision)
	Optics
	The Orbit
	Lacrimal Apparatus
		Epiphora (Excessive Tearing)
	Lids and Lashes
		Ectropion
		Xanthelasma
		Conjunctivitis
	Sclera
		Scleritis
		Corneal Abrasion
		Herpes Simplex Keratitis
		Keratoconus
	Lens
		Dislocated Lens (Ectopia Lentis)
		Endophthalmitis and Vitritis
		Central/Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
		Retinitis Pigmentosa
	Glaucoma
		Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
		Normal Tension Glaucoma
		Secondary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
		Pupil Abnormalities
		Dilated Pupil (Mydriasis)
		Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect
	Malignancies
		Other Systemic Infections
		Hypertension
		Multiple Sclerosis
		Sarcoidosis
		Amblyopia
		Leukocoria
		Nasolacrimal System Defects
		Penetrating Trauma
		Chemical Burns
	Common Medications
	Landmark Ophthalmology Trials
	References
Orthopaedic Surgery
	Acronyms
	Fractures – General Principles
		Approach to Fractures
		Fracture Healing
	Orthopaedic X-Ray Imaging
	Orthopaedic Emergencies
		Open Fractures
		Osteomyelitis
	Shoulder
		Rotator Cuff Disease
		Acromioclavicular Joint Pathology
		Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)
		Humeral Shaft Fracture
	Elbow
		Radial Head Fracture
		Epicondylitis
		Monteggia Fracture
	Wrist
		Complications of Wrist Fractures
	Hand
		Thoracolumbar Spine
	Pelvis
	Hip
		Hip Fracture
		Arthritis of the Hip
	Femur
		Distal Femoral Fracture
		Cruciate Ligament Tears
		Collateral Ligament Tears
		Quadriceps/Patellar Tendon Rupture
	Patella
		Patellofemoral Syndrome
	Tibia
	Ankle
		Ankle Ligamentous Injuries
		Achilles Tendonitis
		Plantar Fasciitis
		Metatarsal Fracture
		Physeal Injury
		Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
		Osgood-Schlatter Disease
		Scoliosis
	Bone Tumours
		Benign Aggressive Bone Tumours
		Malignant Bone Tumours
	Common Medications
	Landmark Orthopaedic Trials
Otolaryngology
	Acronyms
		Nose
		Head and Neck
		Anatomical Triangles of the Neck
		Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentation
		Hearing Loss
		Nasal Obstruction
		Neck Mass
		Pure Tone Audiometry
		Speech Audiometry
		Auditory Brainstem Response
		Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
		Vestibular Neuronitis (Labyrinthitis)
		Acoustic Neuroma (Vestibular Schwannoma)
	Diseases of the External Ear
		Malignant (Necrotizing) Otitis Externa (Skull Base Osteomyelitis)
		Mastoiditis
		Otosclerosis
		Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
		Noise-Induced Sensorineural Hearing Loss
	Facial Nerve (CN VII) Paralysis
	Rhinitis
		Allergic Rhinitis (i.e. Hay Fever)
	Rhinosinusitis
		Chronic Rhinosinusitis
	Epistaxis
	Hoarseness
		Vocal Cord Polyps
		Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
		Sialolithiasis
	Neck Masses
		Evaluation
		Thyroglossal Duct Cysts
		Lymphatic, Venous, or Mixed Venolymphatic Malformations
		Thyroid Carcinoma
	Paediatric Otolaryngology
		Otitis Media with Effusion
		Adenoid Hypertrophy
		Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)
		Tonsillectomy
		Signs of Airway Obstruction
		Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
		Subglottic Stenosis
		Deep Neck Space Infection
	Landmark Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Trials
	References
Paediatrics
	Acronyms
	Primary Care
		Routine Immunization
		Growth and Development
		Nutrition
		Circumcision
		Infantile Colic
		Encopresis
		Toilet Training
		Obesity
		Rashes
		Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
	Adolescent Medicine
	Child Abuse and Neglect
		Sexual Abuse
	Cardiology
		Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
		Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
		Congestive Heart Failure
		Dysrhythmias
		Infective Endocarditis
		Intellectual Disability
		Language Delay
		Specific Learning Disorder
		Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Growth
		Hypercalcemia/Hypocalcemia/Rickets
		Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism
		Disorders of Sexual Development
	Fluids and Electrolytes
	Gastroenterology
		Gastroesophageal Reflux
		Diarrhea
		Gastroenteritis
		Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		Constipation
		Chronic Abdominal Pain
		Abdominal Mass
	Genetics, Dysmorphisms, and Metabolism
		Physiologic Anemia
		Vitamin K Deficiency
		Bleeding Disorders
	Oncology
		Lymphoma
		Brain Tumours
		Neuroblastoma
	Infectious Diseases
		Acute Otitis Media
		Otitis Media with Effusion
		Infectious Paediatric Exanthems
		Infectious Mononucleosis
		Infectious Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis
		Meningitis
		Mumps
		Pertussis
		Sinusitis
	Neonatology
		Routine Neonatal Care
		Common Conditions of Neonates
		Bleeding Disorders in Neonates
		Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
		Cyanosis
		Hypoglycemia
		Necrotizing Enterocolitis
		Respiratory Distress in the Newborn
		Retinopathy of Prematurity
		Skin Conditions of the Neonate
		Nephritic Syndrome
		Nephrotic Syndrome
		Hypertension in Childhood
	Neurology
		Febrile Seizures
		Neurocutaneous Syndromes
	Respirology
		Bronchiolitis
		Pneumonia
	Rheumatology
		Limb Pain
		Lyme Arthritis
		Vasculitides
	Common Medications
	Landmark Paediatric Trials
Palliative Medicine
	Acronyms
	Care of the Dying Patient
	Psychosocial and Spiritual Needs
	Communication
	Suffering
	Self-Care
	Assessment Tools
	References
Plastic Surgery
	Acronyms
		Brachial Plexus
		Face
	Basic Surgical Techniques
		Excision
	Wounds
		Infected Wounds
		Dressings
		Meshed Grafts
	Soft Tissue Infections
		Cellulitis
	Ulcers
		Pressure Ulcers
		Pathophysiology of Burn Wounds
		Indications for Transfer to Burn Centre
		Acute Care of Burn Patients
		Special Considerations
	Hand
		General Management of Hand Injuries (Categorized by Tissue)
		Amputations
		Tendons
		Fractures and Dislocations
		Dupuytren’s Disease
		Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
	Craniofacial Injuries
		Mandibular Fractures
		Maxillary Fractures
		Orbital Floor Fractures
	Breast
		Mastopexy (Breast Lift)
		Breast Reconstruction
	Aesthetic Surgery
		Gender-Affirming Surgery (Transition-Related Surgery)
	Paediatric Plastic Surgery
	References
Psychiatry
	Acronyms
		Mental Status Exam
	Assessment and Plan
	Suicide
	Psychotic Disorders
		Schizophrenia
		Schizophreniform Disorder
		Delusional Disorder
		Mood Episodes
		Depressive Disorders
		Postpartum Mood Disorders
	Anxiety Disorders
		Agoraphobia
		Generalized Anxiety Disorder
	Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
		Related Disorders
		Adjustment Disorder
	Neurocognitive Disorders
		Major Neurocognitive Disorder (Dementia)
		Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
		Nicotine
		Opioids
		Cocaine
		Cannabis
		“Club Drugs”
		Somatic Symptom Disorder
	Dissociative Disorders
	Sleep Disorders
		Paraphilic Disorders
	Eating Disorders
		Bulimia Nervosa
		Binge-Eating Disorder
	Personality Disorders
		Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
	Neurodevelopmental Disorders
		Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
		Intermittent Explosive Disorder
	Pharmacotherapy
		Antidepressants
		Mood Stabilizers
		Anxiolytics
	Somatic Therapies
		Neurosurgical Treatments
	Canadian Legal Issues
		Consent
	Landmark Psychiatry Clinical Trials
Public Health and Preventive Medicine
	Acronyms
		Legislation and Public Health in Canada
		Groups Facing Systemic Barriers, Discrimination, and Structural Violence
		Indigenous Health in Canada
		Disease Prevention
			Measurements of Health and Disease in a Population
	Epidemiology
		Interpreting Test Results
		Effectiveness of Interventions
	Types of Study Design
		Experimental Study Designs
	Methods of Analysis
		Common Statistical Tests
		Causation
	Health System Planning and Quality
	Economic Evaluation
	Managing Disease Outbreaks
		Infection Control Targets
	Environmental Health
		Water
		Food
	Occupational Health
	Occupational Hazards
		Workplace Secondary Prevention
		Other Reportable Conditions
	References
Respirology
	Acronyms
		Differential Diagnoses of Common Presentations
		Pulmonary Function Tests
		Chest X-Rays
	Airway Disease
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		Bronchiectasis
		Cystic Fibrosis
	Interstitial Lung Disease
		Unknown Etiologic Agents
		Known Etiologic Agents
	Pulmonary Vascular Disease
	Pulmonary Embolism
		Pulmonary Vasculitis
	Diseases of the Mediastinum and Pleura
		Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion
		Mesothelioma
		Hpercapnic Respiratory Failure
	Neoplasms
	Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
	Introduction to Intensive Care
		Organ Failure
		Sepsis
	Common Medications
	Landmark Respirology Trials
	References
Rheumatology
	Acronyms
		Immunogenetics and Disease
	Synovial Fluid Analysis
	Septic Arthritis
	Seropositive Rheumatic Disease
	Connective Tissue Disorders
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
		Scleroderma (i.e. Systemic Sclerosis)
		Inflammatory Myopathy
		Sjögren’s Syndrome
		Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
		Small Vessel Non-ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
		Small Vessel ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
		Medium Vessel Vasculitis
		Large Vessel Vasculitis
	Seronegative Rheumatic Disease
		Enteropathic Arthritis
		Reactive Arthritis
	Crystal-Induced Arthropathies
		Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Disease)
		Fibromyalgia
	Common Medications
	Landmark Rheumatology Trials
	References
Urology
	Acronyms
	Urologic History
		Microscopic Hematuria
	Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
	Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
		Urethral Stricture
		Neurogenic Bladder
		Dysuria
		Hydronephrosis
	Overactive Bladder
	Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases
		Recurrent/Chronic Cystitis
		Interstitial Cystitis (Painful Bladder or Bladder Pain Syndrome)
		Prostatitis/Prostatodynia
		Epididymitis and Orchitis
	Stone Disease
		Approach to Renal Stones
	Urological Neoplasms
		Malignant Renal Neoplasms
		Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
		Bladder Carcinoma
		Prostate Cancer
		PSA Screening
		Testicular Tumours
		Penile Tumours
	Scrotal Masses
	Penile Complaints
	Trauma
		Urethral Injuries
	Infertility and Andrology
	Testosterone Deficiency
	Wilms’ Tumour (Nephroblastoma)
		Enuresis
		Circumcision
		Cystoscopy
		Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
		Transition-Related Surgeries
	Landmark Urology Trials
	References
Vascular Surgery
	Acronyms
		Peripheral Arterial Disease
	Aortic Disease
		Aortic Aneurysm
	Carotid Stenosis
	Venous Disease
	Lymphedema
	Landmark Vascular Surgery Trials
	References