Toilets that make compost low-cost: Sanitary toilets that produce valuable compost for crops in an African context

 Table of Figures......Page 7
Acknowledgements......Page 13
1. Introduction......Page 15
2. Compost-Making Toilets......Page 16
2.2 Fossa alterna - The double alternating pit compost toilet......Page 17
3. Arborloo - The Single Pit Compost Toilet......Page 20
3.1 How to build the single pit compost toilet......Page 21
3.2 How to make ring beams......Page 23
3.3 Building the toilet house (superstructure)......Page 32
3.4 Making an Arborloo fitted with a pedestal......Page 33
3.5 Types of superstructure......Page 36
3.7 Planting trees in a filled organic pit......Page 38
3.8 Growing vegetables on Arborloo pits......Page 40
3.9 Making compost in small single shallow pits......Page 41
4.1 Managing the double pit compost toilet......Page 43
4.2 Examples of double pit composting toilets......Page 44
4.3 Building the double pit compost toilet......Page 45
4.4 Superstructures with rectangular slabs......Page 49
5.1 Very low cost pedestal......Page 53
5.2 Low cost pedestal with concrete seat......Page 54
5.3 Low cost pedestal with plastic seat......Page 55
6. Urine-Diverting Toilets......Page 58
6.1 How to build a single vault urine-diverting toilet......Page 59
6.2 Making the vault, step and lintel......Page 60
6.4 Sequence of making a homemade urine-diverting pedestal with urine outlet pipe above slab level......Page 61
6.6 Urine-diverting toilet installation details......Page 67
6.7 Urine-diverting superstructures......Page 70
6.8 Use and management of the urine-diverting toilet......Page 71
6.9 Processing the faeces......Page 72
6.10 Stages of building a twin pit composter for a single vault urine-diverting toilet......Page 74
6.11 Routine maintenance of the urine-diverting toilet......Page 76
7.1 Upgrading using a round slab and ring beam......Page 79
7.2 Upgrading using a rectangular slab......Page 81
8.1 Odour control......Page 83
8.2 Fly control......Page 84
9.1 Simple hand washing devices......Page 87
10. How to Use Toilet Compost in the Garden......Page 90
10.1 Testing crops in toilet pit compost......Page 91
10.2 Testing compost from a urine-diverting toilet......Page 92
10.3 Growing trees in toilet compost......Page 93
11.1.2 Spinach......Page 95
11.1.4 Onion......Page 96
11.1.5 Maize......Page 97
11.2 Effect of urine use on maize growth on poor sandy soils: A field trial in Epworth near Harare......Page 98
11.3 Effect of urine treatment on trees......Page 101
12. Summary......Page 104
13. Conclusions......Page 108
Bibliography......Page 111