Tissue elasticity imaging. Vol.1 Theory and methods

Cover
Tissue Elasticity Imaging: Volume 2: Clinical Applications
Copyright
Contributors
About the editors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Clinical elasticity estimation and imaging: applications and standards
	1. Introduction
	2. Elastography: different methods with different capabilities
	3. Clinical applications of strain and shear wave elastography
		3.1 Strain elastography
		3.2 Shear wave elastography
		3.3 Strain rate imaging
	4. Elastography applications: translation to clinical use
	5. Future directions
	References
2. Breast elastography
	1. Introduction/background
	2. Principles/techniques
		2.1 Strain elastography
			2.1.1 Techniques
			2.1.2 Interpretation
			2.1.3 Elastographic to B-mode length ratio
			2.1.4 5-Point color scale
			2.1.5 Strain ratio
			2.1.6 Review of the literature
		2.2 Shear wave elastography
			2.2.1 Techniques
			2.2.2 Interpretation
			2.2.3 Review of the literature
		2.3 Guidelines
	3. Diseases and applications
		3.1 Benign lesions
			3.1.1 Cysts
			3.1.2 Fibroadenomas
			3.1.3 Fibrocystic change and related pathology
			3.1.4 Papillary lesions
			3.1.5 Mastitis
			3.1.6 Fat necrosis
			3.1.7 Hematoma
		3.2 Malignant lesions
			3.2.1 Ductal carcinoma in situ
			3.2.2 Mucinous cancer
			3.2.3 Invasive ductal cancer
			3.2.4 Invasive lobular cancer
			3.2.5 Lymphoma
		3.3 Others
			3.3.1 Metastatic diseases of the breast
			3.3.2 Recurrence at surgical scar
			3.3.3 Gynecomastia
	4. Opportunities
		4.1 Quality measures
	5. Artifacts and limitations
		5.1 Bull\'s-eye artifact
		5.2 Blue, green, and red artifact
		5.3 Worm artifact
		5.4 Sliding artifact
		5.5 Bang artifact
	6. Summary/conclusions
	References
3. Clinical applications of elastographic methods to improve prostate cancer evaluation
	1. Introduction
	2. Static deformation by compression
		2.1 Strain elastography
	3. Dynamic deformation exerted by external mechanical vibrators
		3.1 Sonoelastography
		3.2 Vibroelastography
		3.3 Magnetic resonance elastography
	4. Excitation by acoustic radiation force
		4.1 Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging
		4.2 Shear wave elastography
	5. Current status and future trends
	6. Conclusions
	References
4. Cardiovascular elastography
	1. Cardiac imaging
		1.1 Myocardial elastography
			1.1.1 Introduction
			1.1.2 Mechanical deformation of normal and ischemic or infarcted myocardium
			1.1.3 Imaging the deformation of the myocardium
				1.1.3.1 Motion estimation
				1.1.3.1 Motion estimation
				1.1.3.2 High frame rate ultrasound imaging
				1.1.3.2 High frame rate ultrasound imaging
			1.1.4 Myocardial elastography
			1.1.5 Computational models
			1.1.6 Phantoms
			1.1.7 Myocardial ischemia and infarction detection in canines in vivo
				1.1.7.1 Ischemic model
				1.1.7.1 Ischemic model
				1.1.7.2 Infarct model
				1.1.7.2 Infarct model
			1.1.8 Validation of myocardial elastography against CT angiography (CTA)
			1.1.9 Importance of myocardial elastography in the clinic
		1.2 Electromechanical wave imaging
			1.2.1 Cardiac arrhythmias
			1.2.2 Clinical diagnosis of atrial arrhythmias
			1.2.3 Treatment of atrial arrhythmias
			1.2.4 Electromechanical wave imaging (EWI)
				1.2.4.1 Treatment guidance capability of EWI
				1.2.4.1 Treatment guidance capability of EWI
			1.2.5 EWI sequences
				1.2.5.1 The ACT sequence
				1.2.5.1 The ACT sequence
				1.2.5.2 The TUAS sequence
				1.2.5.2 The TUAS sequence
				1.2.5.3 Single-heartbeat EWI and optimal strain estimation
				1.2.5.3 Single-heartbeat EWI and optimal strain estimation
			1.2.6 Characterization of atrial arrhythmias in canines in vivo
			1.2.7 EWI in normal human subjects and with arrhythmias
	2. Vascular imaging
		2.1 Stroke
		2.2 Abdominal aortic aneurysm
		2.3 Pulse-wave velocity (PWV)
		2.4 Pulse wave imaging
		2.5 Methods
			2.5.1 PWI system using parallel beamforming
			2.5.2 3D PWI
		2.6 PWI performance assessment in experimental phantoms
		2.7 Mechanical testing
		2.8 PWI in aortic aneurysms and carotid plaques in human subjects in vivo
			2.8.1 Abdominal aortic aneurysms
			2.8.2 Carotid plaques
	References
	Further reading
5. Ultrasound-based liver elastography
	1. Introduction to chronic liver disease: etiology, screening, and diagnosis
	2. Transient elastography
	3. Point shear wave elastography
		3.1 Virtual touch quantification
		3.2 ElastPQ technique
		3.3 Point shear wave elastography from Hitachi
	4. Two-dimensional shear wave elastography
		4.1 Supersonic shear wave imaging
		4.2 2D-SWE.GE
		4.3 Two-dimensional shear wave elastography from Toshiba
	5. Comparative studies
	6. Strain elastography
	References
6. Thermal therapy monitoring using elastography
	1. Introduction
	2. Principles and techniques
		2.1 Thermal effects on tissues
		2.2 Clinical use of thermal exposures for therapy
			2.2.1 Tumor ablations
				2.2.1.1 Liver
				2.2.1.1 Liver
				2.2.1.2 Breast
				2.2.1.2 Breast
				2.2.1.3 Prostate
				2.2.1.3 Prostate
				2.2.1.4 Bone
				2.2.1.4 Bone
				2.2.1.5 Other malignancies
				2.2.1.5 Other malignancies
			2.2.2 Cardiac ablation
			2.2.3 Hypertension
			2.2.4 Back pain
			2.2.5 Functional brain surgery
			2.2.6 Cosmetic surgery
		2.3 Need for exposure monitoring
		2.4 Principles of elastography for thermal therapy monitoring
	3. Elastographic methods for thermal therapy monitoring
	4. Diseases and applications
		4.1 Tumor treatments
		4.2 Prostate
		4.3 Cardiac ablation
	5. Future opportunities
	6. Conclusion
	References
7. Thyroid elastography
	1. Thyroid pathology
	2. Strain elastography
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Strain histograms
		2.3 Strain ratio
		2.4 Examination technique
		2.5 Interobserver and intraobserver variabilities
		2.6 Practical advice, tips, and limitations
	3. Shear wave elastography
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Different methods of shear wave elastographic imaging of the thyroid
		3.3 Review of literature
		3.4 Interobserver and intraobserver variabilities
		3.5 Examination technique
		3.6 Practical advice and tips
		3.7 Interpretation of results
	4. Artifacts in thyroid elastography
	5. Conclusion
	References
8. Elastography applications in pregnancy
	1. Introduction
	2. The cervix
		2.1 Strain elastography
		2.2 Shear wave elasticity imaging
	3. The placenta
		3.1 Strain elastography
		3.2 Shear wave methods
	4. Conclusions
	References
9. Musculoskeletal elastography
	1. Introduction
	2. Compression (strain) elastography
	3. Shear wave elastography
	4. Transient elastography
	5. Applications of sonoelastography in the musculoskeletal system
		5.1 Tendon disorders
		5.2 Achilles tendon
		5.3 Lateral epicondylitis
		5.4 Medial epicondylitis
		5.5 Patellar tendinopathy
		5.6 Quadriceps tendinopathy
		5.7 Rotator cuff tendinopathy
		5.8 Finger tendon and trigger fingers
		5.9 Joints and ligaments
			5.9.1 Transverse carpal ligament
			5.9.2 Coracohumeral ligament
			5.9.3 Anterior cruciate ligament
	6. Muscles
	7. Nerves
	8. Plantar fascia
	9. Tumor and tumorlike masses
	10. Future perspectives
	11. Limitations and conditions of good practice
		11.1 Strain elastography/sonoelastography
		11.2 Shear wave elastography
	12. Conclusion
	References
Index
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	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Y
	Z
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